38th International Association for Time Use Research Conference

Non-market household production. Household Satellite Account in Poland

Author: Marta Marszalek

Contributing author(s): -

The aim of compiling the Household Satellite Account is to provide an overall view of the productive activities undertaken by households and to give the information of a valuation of non-market household production. Although, the National Accounts present the total production of the economy by a gross domestic product (GDP), only small part of entire household production – market goods and services which are produced by households members – is included in the official statistics. The significant share of household production is uncovered by the market, because it is produced and consumed by their own in households (Becker’s theory of the time use allocation). Although, the non-market household production does not have a price, because it does not sell on the market, it has an economic value.

Current researches indicate that the non-market household production is account for 30-55 per cent in relation to GDP. The valuation of a monetary value of non-market household production can be useful for many different users, e.g. scientists, decision-makers, entrepreneurs, journalists. Information of a total household production, including intermediate consumption, capital formation, value of unpaid housework, will provide the recommendations for variety areas, such as: social policy, family policy, pension system, health care system etc. The Household Satellite Account would be an extraordinary statistical tool, which does not require an additional expenditures on a system of national statistics, but it presents in aggregated and detail form the real social-economic situation of households and well-being.

Measuring Young People’s Time With Others On and Off-line – Considerations for Future Time Diary Designs

Author: Kimberly Fisher

From early incarnations, most time diary surveys collect information on time with others and time alone. This dimension of daily life is one of the least analysed in research, and also one that is changing most dramatically as a consequence of smart technologies. This presentation compares who else was present reporting from young people in their mid-teens in three surveys, the 2014 American Time Use Survey, the 2014-15 UK Everyday Life Survey, and the test phases of the 2014-2015 UK Millennium Cohort Survey. The ATUS conducts phone diary interviews. The Everyday Life Survey, part of the Harmonised European Time Use Surveys project, used paper diaries, and the mixed mode MCS survey collected web-based, paper and app diaries. This paper first compares the survey designers conceptualisation of what who else was present categories matter in measuring teen’s behaviours, and how these different conceptualisations and modes of data collection shape both the structure (number and complexity of episodes generated by different diary domains at different times of day) and content (what young people report doing alone and with various groups of people) of diaries. I next explore ways in which interaction with people on-line – both contact with people with whom diarists also interact in real life and virtual interaction (where participants may be human or artificial intelligence) might influence activity patterns. Virtual interactions raise conceptual complications when we study time with “other people the diarist knows” – particularly as some of the most positive as well as some of the most dangerous on-line interactions take place with people in this category. I explore the extent to which these three surveys capture (and fail to capture) teens time with others on-line. On-line interactions might matter in policy research as these interactions represent a growing proportion of time with others, as on-line exchanges are monitored, recorded and immortalised to an extent that in person interactions are not. I conclude by exploring what questions experiments with diary designs might ask to better capture the range of in person and on-line interactions young people experience in daily life.

Key words: time with others, survey methodology

Regular meal pattenrs: A time-diary approach

Author: Theun Pieter van Tienoven

Contributing author(s): Anke Raaijmakers, Joeri Minnen, Jef Deyaert, Djiwo Weenas, Ignace Glorieux

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Collecting a light time use diary using a mixed mode approach

Author:

For its 2015 Time Use survey, Statistics Canada used a light version of the 24 hour recall time use diary in addition to a mixed mode collection.  This presentation will be separated in 3 parts starting by outlining the challenges and successes experienced by Statistics Canada throughout the one year collection period (April 2015 – April 2016). Followed by the development of a new added subjective well-being question used for the 2015 collection and ending with some qualitative results of the 2014 Time Use pilot survey.

To provide an idea of the instrument used, a quick overview and a comparison between the Computer Assisted Telephone Interview diary tool and the internet based diary tool will be done. It will described the pros and cons of using a light diary for each specific mode along with some interviewers’ and respondents’ perceived behavior. It will outline some of the collection challenges Time Use survey faced such as low response rate, collection processes and cost. It will also summarize strategies used to mitigate non response and collection cost and their outcome. 

The second part will look at the reason behind adding a subjective well-being question and the decision to use a hybrid version between the Day Reconstruction Method and 2011 French Time Use Survey for the Canadian Time Use survey

The last part will present some qualitative results of the 2014 Time Use pilot survey demonstrating the possible differences and bias researchers could find between collection modes and between full and light 24 hour recall diary. 

Keywords: Light diary, internet, subjective well-being, mixed mode collection

Does Time-Point matter?

Author: Kai Ludwigs

Contributing author(s): Raphael Bömelburg, Martijn Burger, Martijn Hendriks

In the past years the trend to adding an affective dimension to time-use diaries became more and more popular. In the presented study we collected time-use-diaries with a happiness question per episode of over 200 participants everyday for two weeks with a new smartphone app, the Happiness Analyzer (www.happiness-analyzer.com). This dataset has been analyzed in depth and first results have been published (e.g. Hendriks, Ludwigs & Veenhoven, 2016). Our analysis did not just focus on the Time-Composition of unhappier vs. happier participants. An interesting new perspective that shall be elaborated is the role of time point of an activity as an additional predictor that substantially increases the validity of affective time use analyses. This method and results of our analysis would be presented.

A Comparative Analysis of Time-Use Micro Data in Two Coastal Fishing Communities: Seasonal Differences in Life-Style and Livelihoods in High Risk Beach Erosion Area, Odisha State, India

Author: Shimpei Iwasaki

About one third of human populations are living in and around coastal areas. Coastal landforms are highly dynamic and modified by natural and other man-made processes. Recently, highly populated coastal regions have been gaining a lot of attention about changes in the socio-ecological environment due to sea-level rise and other factors. It is fact that a number of coastal villages, mainly accounting for fishing communities in rural areas, have already been swallowed by the ocean in India, resulting in migration to other areas and associated difficulties in managing their lifestyle and livelihoods especially for the poor. In this regard, however, few comprehensive surveys on assessment of people lifestyle and livelihoods in vulnerable beach eroded areas have been carried out in the world.

   With the above recognition, this study aims to evaluate impacts of lifestyle and livelihoods in high risk beach erosion area from the viewpoint of time-use micro data, in a case study of fishing migrating communities who live in coastal area of Chilika Lagoon, Odisha state of India. Some of the fishers in the study area started to settle down the sand bar area over decades but have recently faced with major challenges related to sea beach erosion. The research chose two coastal fishing communities in sand bar area (high risk) and inland area across the lagoon (normal risk) where five couples of subjects (fishermen and fisher-wives) were respectively selected for the purpose of time-use survey during the period from March 2015 to March 2016. The results will provide insights in developing better understanding of their behaviors and required strategies to cope with natural hazards in each geographic location and comparing the seasonal differences in lifestyle and livelihoods between the two communities.

Full Time Employed Couple's Leisure Time Investment on Education and Culture

Author: Fatma Sibel Ağlamaz

Social stratification research broadly focuses on paid and unpaid work in terms of socioeconomic status and gender. However, leisure time is studied far less even though it is considered as one of the fundamental investment tools for social status in modern working life. So to contribute to this comparatively less studied topic in this research full time employed and partnered people’s leisure time budgeting is examined. One of the aims of this study is to explain the relationship between occupational levels of prestige and leisure time investment in education and culture in terms of social stratification similar to Bourdieu’s Human Capital. The other aim is to reveal the effect of the price of motherhood for leisure time investment in education and culture. To do so, the data used in this research is aggregated MTUS (Multinational Time Use Study) which includes various activity fields such as a variable at an individual level. Multi variate regression and descriptive analysis are run; hence, it is found that full time employed people in a relationship who work at higher occupational levels of prestige are more likely to invest their leisure time in education and culture, and also those women who have a baby are more vulnerable than men, and spend less time on education and culture compared to other women

Assessing Wellbeing: What Makes the Double Day Dysfunctional?

Author: William Michelson

Contributing author(s): ---

In a previous analysis (2014), I took exception to the prevailing view that the so-called double day of employed mothers is dysfunctional because sleep gets traded off for other responsibilities.  Data from Canada’s 2010 General Social Survey no. 24 showed instead that employed women spend more time sleeping than equivalent men, the time for which is gained by spending fewer hours in paid work.   Multi-tasking emerged as an important factor.  This paper extends the analysis to examine additional characteristics of the days encountered by employed women and how they relate to wellbeing.  These include the degree of fragmentation of activities in the day, duration of time devoted to major types of activity in the day, and time spent alone or with specified others.   Additional insight into subjective outcomes of the double day is gained from comparing measures of feeling “rushed”, feeling “stressed”, and of life satisfaction, as well as the time crunch measure used originally.   Employed women are contrasted to employed men in the same age bracket and with similar employment, family, and locational characteristics in a subsample of approximately 15 per cent of the 15,390 respondents in this survey.

Although responses on the four measures of wellbeing are strongly related, they are far from identical.   Multiple regression analyses were carried out to see the respective contributions of twelve aspects of time use on the diary day on each of the subjective outcome variables.   Behavioral explanations for how respondents feel about their everyday lives are not the same for all these outcome variables, reflecting the nature and time scale of the variables.  These data confirm clearly that duration of sleep in a day contributes little to the understanding of wellbeing in this context, while nonetheless confirming major differences by gender in what aspects of the day are found subjectively sensitive.   The results suggest not only the value of including and expanding the use of measures of wellbeing in time-use studies but of consciously examining such aspects as episode count and persons present in addition to activity durations.

More chores at home: a price immigrants pay when marrying a native?

Author: Victoria Vernon

Contributing author(s): Shoshana Grossbard, San Diego State University

Using American Time Use Survey 2003-14 we investigate whether marrying a US-born spouse carries a premium or a penalty for immigrants in terms of the amount of household chores they perform in marriage. We predict that intermarriage involves an exchange of assimilation services provided by the native for a higher ‘price’ that the immigrant spouse is expected to pay in marriage, and therefore that immigrants married to natives work more at chores than their counterparts in all-immigrant marriages. We account for selection into intermarriage and find a sizable chores penalty for immigrants and a premium for natives. The effect is larger for women. Non-employed immigrant women in single earner couples pay the largest chores penalty, and the non-employed native women receive the largest premium. Most American-born men and women spend significantly less time in chores when married to foreigners than when married to other natives, while most foreigners spend at least as much or more time in chores in such marriages relative to what they do in all-immigrant marriages. Our findings are robust to changes in specification and alternative definition of chores. The way that citizenship status affects time spent in chores by intermarried immigrants and natives also suggests that there is a premium to being a legal citizen. 

Adding emotion and smart device domains to time diaries – an early examination of the 2014-15 Everyday Life Survey in the United Kingdom

Author: Kimberly Fisher

Time use surveys face the trade-off of collecting as many policy relevant details of daily activities as possible without overburdening participants and lowering response rates. Any changes in diary design raise concerns for backwards comparability with previous surveys, thus change cannot be considered lightly.  The 2014-15 Everyday Life Survey in the United Kingdom implemented two experiments (also tried in a limited number of other surveys in the current Harmonised European Time Use Survey round): adding a column for self-rated enjoyment and a tick-box reflecting the use of a smart device during the time period. The enjoyment rating produces data that can be used in the creation of an alternative, complimentary measure of national well-being alongside GDP accounts, but as yet there is no agreement on the best way to implement the collection of affective response. Smart devices have permeated modern daily living and subtly change the way some activities take place, raising grounds to consider use of smart devices as a context category in its own right (alongside location, who else was present, and secondary activities). These two new columns lift the lid on the black boxes of the activities which time diary surveys traditionally lump into very course categories: sleep, paid work and education. In the UK experience, the addition of the smart device column had no participation in the survey, and the enjoyment field increased participation. Both columns did produce demonstrable effects on the number of episodes collected by the diary and the reporting of some activities, which raise backwards comparability challenges. EUROSTAT will be commissioning further investigation of adding such dimensions to time diaries later in 2016, and the UK survey will be one part of this investigation. This paper offers early analysis on the ways in which these columns influenced overall participation and the narrative accounts reported, and sketches out strategies for using this survey in cross-time comparison which will contribute to the debate informing future HETUS diary instrument design.

Shares of paid and unpaid work and subjective time pressure in Australia, Finland, Italy and Korea

Author: Lyn Lyn Craig

Contributing author(s): Judith Brown, Jiweon Jun

Time pressure is a pervasive feature of contemporary life, particularly in families with children. Amount and gender division of paid and unpaid work varies with the social and economic context within which families live, but research is yet to investigate relationships between the division of labour and subjective time stress cross-nationally. We examine whether subjective time pressure is related to gender shares of household paid and unpaid work in four countries with contrasting policy frameworks: Australia, Finland, Italy and Korea, drawing a subsample of couple-headed households from the most recent nationally representative Time Use Surveys of each country. We show average country differences in amount and gender division of paid and unpaid work, and run logistic regression analyses testing i) whether the way couples share total household paid and unpaid work by gender is associated with subjective time pressure across the countries; ii) whether associations vary by whether the shares of total work are paid or unpaid; and iii) whether associations between parenthood and subjective time pressure differ across the countries.

Childcare Arrangements and Parental Engagement with Children at Home: Distributional Analysis

Author: Tamar Khitarishvili

Differences in children’s educational outcomes by parents’ socioeconomic background are evident by as early as their third birthday and are transmitted into adult labor market outcomes, perpetuating socioeconomic inequality. This is to a large degree because parents from high-income families tend to spend more time with their children and engage more in enrichment activities than parents from low-income families. Quality childcare provisioning can reduce the resulting inequality by improving the outcomes of children from low-income families. Analyses of the mechanisms through which this happens have focused on the direct educational and social benefits of childcare on children’s development. However, we know relatively little about the indirect impact of childcare on children’s outcomes vis-à-vis parental engagement. In this paper, we investigate the extent to which the amount and quality of parental engagement with children is affected by the type and quality of childcare arrangements in families of different economic means, with a particular focus on the role of child-care provider/parent interactions. We use the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) data and the Birth Cohort data of the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (ECLS-B). Our analysis provides a meaningful contribution to the policy debate regarding the role of childcare provisioning in reducing the inequality in children’s outcomes vis-à-vis parental engagement.

The Happiness Analyzer a new technique to measure people's everyday life (Time-Use) and everyday life feelings (Happiness-Time-Use)

Author: Kai Ludwigs

Contributing author(s): Stephan Erdtmann

Modern technologies can give us more details about people's everyday life (Time-Use) and everyday life feelings (Happiness-Time-Use). One of these technologies is the Happiness Analyzer (www.happiness-analyzer.com). A smartphone tool developed since 2012 to analyze people's subjective well-being in more detail by not just asking general questionnaires. The Happiness Analyzer notifies people to do a general subjective well-being survey based on the OECD guidelines (2013), everyday a time-use diary with an affective dimension and 4 times a day an Experience Sampling indicating how happy they are right now, what they do, with whom and where. The tool has been used already in over 20 international research studies and was adapted for many different time-use studies. In this presentation we would like to show the time-use features and some applications to discuss further steps and future prospects using modern technologies in time-use research.  

Comparing the Use of Stylized Behavior Questions with Diary Measures of Sleep From the American Time Use Survey

Author: Brandon Kopp

Contributing author(s): Robin Kaplan, Polly Phipps

Data on how people spend their time is used by researchers and governments to understand a broad range of topics from health outcomes to television/radio consumption.  Two common methods of time use measurement used in survey research are time diaries and stylized questions. A time diary asks respondents to report start and stop times for activities performed during a period of time.  For example, the American Time Use Survey (ATUS), uses a set of scripted, open-ended questions to walk a respondent through all of the activities he or she performed during the prior 24-hour day.  Stylized questions ask respondents to recall instances of a particular activity and directly report the average, usual, or typical amount of time they spend doing that activity.

Time diaries and stylized questions attempt to arrive at the same result through different response processes. While a time diary requires the respondent to recall specific times when an activity began and ended, stylized questions require the respondent to recall several instances of an activity and use those memories to construct an estimate that fits their definition of average, usual, or typical.  Both of these methods are likely subject to measurement error and the estimates they produce can diverge. For example, in 2013, the ATUS reported that that people in the U.S. spend an average of 8.6 hours per day sleeping.  On the other hand, the National Health Interview Survey, which asks respondents stylized questions about the amount of sleep they get on the average weekday and weekend day, reported that U.S. adults get 6.9 hours of sleep per day; a 1.7 hour difference. 

In this talk, I will discuss a series of research projects that we have conducted to understand the sources of measurement error in time diary and stylized measures of sleep. Specifically, I will discuss behavior coding of ATUS interviews, a cognitive testing study comparing time diary and stylized questions, and an online study in which participants received both time diary and stylized questions in one of several response contexts (health survey vs. work survey).

How Ethiopians’ Use Their Time?

Author: Asalfew Abera Gebere

The first ever Time Use Survey was conducted in Ethiopia in February 2013 by CSA. It was designed to measure time spent on paid, unpaid work and non-productive activities during the 24 hours of persons aged 10 years and older. A two stage stratified random sampling design was used to select samples of 20,280 HHs and 52,262 persons aged 10 years and older from rural and urban areas. The result of the survey explained using participation rate and average time spent of actors. The participation on SNA activities was higher for both men (78%) and women (79%) in rural areas, likely because of rural agricultural activities in primary production. However, average time spent in SNA activities was greater in urban areas (500 minutes for men Vs 340 minutes for women). Women’s participation and time spent in water and fuel collection far outpaced than men. This highlights the strong norms about the role of women and girls in these activities. On the other hand, substantial gender inequalities are evident in time spent on Extended SNA works (unpaid works). The time spent on extended SNA work was higher in rural areas (243 minutes for men Vs 354 minutes for women). The limited access to resources among rural households may therefore, increase responsibilities in extended SNA activities.  In specific terms, women in rural and urban areas spend more time (74, 54 minutes respectively) on child care than men (8 minutes). But men spend more time on adult care. Time spent on non-productive activities also tends to be lower for girls and women. Thus, these gender inequality demands further research and policy intervention to close the gap.

Working time and its place for full-time workers in Japan and U.S.

Author: Takeshi Mizunoya

Working time issues have been one of the crucial topics in Japan since overwork and long working time phenomena have not been resolved yet and it has caused conflicts between work and life for working people and kept persons, especially women, who has responsible for caring away from workforce. There are many researches done for this issue, and they mainly use the length of working time to examine it. In order to approach the issue more in detail, it is useful to look at information of places where work related activities take place. In the presentation, a unique cross tabulation between main activities related to paid work and places of their activities for full-time workers is proposed by small scale time use survey in Matsuyama City, Japan in 2013. There have been little studies in Japan on combination between paid work time and information on where it takes place. Also, to make Matsuyama’s findings clearer, it is attempted to compare with U.S. data using American Time Use Survey.

Intergenerational and intragenerational influences in some time use activities

Author: Timo Toivonen

Impacts of social class and impacts of the cultural capital of parents on their children’s activities e.g. reading have been popular topics in leisure and culture studies. On the basis of previous studies it is also evident that the time use of children is greatly influenced by time use of parents. In addition, is also evident that the activities of both parents are influenced by the other parent, and the activities of children in a family are influenced by other children in this family. These complicated relations are areas of this study from the time use perspective. Data came from two recent Finnish time use surveys from the years 1999–2000 and 2009–2010. Households of different-sex parents with two children were included. It was found that, in general, the most important factor in time use of each family member was time use of other family members. However, there were interesting differences in the power of influence depending on the activity in question. For instance, in participatory activities (activity in religious organizations, activity in other organizations) the correlations of time use between parents, between children, and between parents and children were all high. In computer use all these correlations were relatively low. In reading correlations were high between parents and between children but not so high between parents and children. Reasons for these observations on the basis of Finnish data are also discussed.

Keywords: parental influence in time use, spousal influence in time use, gender influence in time use, influence of children on each other in time use

Americans’ Eating and Other Food-related Activities Over the Past Business Cycle

Author: Karen Hamrick

Over the past few years the United States has seen economic prosperity, the Great Recession, and a slow labor market recovery.  Through this business cycle, Americans’ time spent in primary eating and drinking has stayed constant—65 minutes in 2003, 64 minutes in 2014—indicating little if any change in eating patterns.  However, macroeconomic factors have affected other food-related time use, including preparing food, grocery shopping, and eating out.  Clearly the recession affected eating out—previous research using time use data found that the share of the population that purchased fast food on a given day stayed fairly constant during and after the 2007-09 recession while the share who ate in sit-down restaurants declined.  A better understanding Americans’ food-related habits and how these habits are affected by economic events allow for a better understanding of obesity and other health issues as well as a better understanding of consumer purchasing patterns.  By using the 2003-14 American Time Use Survey (ATUS) data and the 2006-08 and 2014 ATUS Eating & Health Module data, we will analyze changes in food-related time use patterns over time.  The Eating & Health Module data will allow for analysis of secondary eating to see if economic events resulted in changes in Americans’ multitasking. We will also discuss secular trends such as food industry changes—the rise of fast casual restaurants—and the growing share of single-person households, as well as policy changes such as the increased funding for U.S. food assistance programs, and their possible contribution to Americans’ food-related time-use trends.

Key words:     Eating patterns, grocery shopping, meal preparation, food away from home, Great Recession.

Women’s unpaid work, family life and well being: understanding Time use patterns and household division of labour

Author: Ellina Samantroy Jena

ABSTRACT

Gender relations in the family and women’s unpaid care work are inextricably linked to women’s participation in paid employment. The differential patterns of employment between men and women and the strikingly low female labour force participation rates has been a serious issue of concern among many scholars and policy makers in India. The persistent demands of childcare, unequal household division of labour and lack of inequitable time distribution patterns has resulted in limited labour market choices for women and encouraged them to drop out from the labour market subsequently. Also, as women are engaged in many professional endeavours reconciling the demands of paid work and household work becomes quite challenging. Such a situation creates an increasing pressure on women workers, due to the institutionalization of gender stereotypical roles which categorizes them as traditional care givers. 

In this context, the present paper tries to reflect on the dynamics of employment, unpaid care work and family life within the context of household division of labour and cultural practices. It tries to explore the role of social norms, caste affiliations etc in allocation of household tasks. There is also an attempt to understand household power dynamics and identify how women negotiate within structures of patriarchy for reconciling work and family life balance .The paper is based on a primary survey among 200 respondents (women) from selected sectors in India that have been identified by employment and unemployment surveys to have a higher concentration of women workers. The time use patterns of working women are recorded through a time diary with appropriate context variables to capture simultaneous and multifarious activities of women undertaken by women in everyday context. The paper endeavours to contribute to informing policy initiatives that would promote a more sustainable and equitable work-life balance by balancing gender relations in the household and ensuring women’s well being.

The Learned Busy Bee: Activity Switching Among Mothers and The Role of Education

Author: Sarah Grace See

 Despite the gender gap in market paid work hours, the total workload of men and women do not show significant differences. This is attributable to women, specifically mothers, facing “second shifts” upon returning home from work (Hochschild, 1997). To fulfil their responsibilities, employed mothers are found to employ the following strategies (Craig, 2007): (1) reduce the time they spend in other activities, such as own leisure; or, (2) reschedule activities to different times of the day or to the weekend. The second channel, related to work flexibility, multitasking, and task/activity switching (Spink, Cole, and Waller, 2008), allows mothers to have a sense of having more time (“time stretch”) and being more efficient in maximizing their time use (Offer and Schneider, 2011; Sayer, 2007), and has seen increased attention, as mothers aim to achieve work-family life balance. This research contributes to the literature exploring activity switching among women by using the American Time Use Survey, which contains information regarding the specific activities done by a person at a particular time of the day, allowing for the investigation of the occurrence of activity switching. In a society characterized by economic instability and high labour market competition such as the U.S., workers are pushed to show their commitment to the jobs by working longer hours and being readily available, consequently blurring the lines between work and home (Jacobs and Gerson, 2001) and encourages multitasking. Education is then expected to play a significant role, not only in how it translates to employment, but also with respect to the type of job, as higher educated are more likely to have more demanding jobs that require longer work hours and which make work-family balance more challenging. Education can also provide the necessary skills and abilities (e.g., concentration, planning, coordination, adaptation) to perform activity switching more efficiently (Ruiz, 2013; Czerwinski, Hovitz, and Wilhite, 2004). Using the number of activity spells as a measure of activity switching, preliminary findings show that higher educated mothers perform more switches, as well as older, non-white, and married mothers with young children. The results are in line with those found by Ruiz (2013) using a Spanish sample, and the findings can have strong implications on family-friendly policies such as labour market flexibility.

In front of a screen and on the move – Changes in school children’s time use in Finland in the 2000s

Author: Hannu Pääkkönen

Home computers, the Internet and mobile phones becoming more common has revolutionised schoolchildren's use of their free time over the past years. Young people spend increasing time in front of screens - computers and television. The change has also awoken public concern about young people’s way of life revolving around sitting and centralising around a screen. This has led to recommendations concerning maximum screen time and minimum physical exercise time. In Finland, a group of experts on children's and young people's physical activity presented in 2008 a basic recommendation for physical activity of school-aged children. According to the recommendation, children and young people aged 7 to 18 should be physically active for at least one to two hours a day in a versatile manner that is age appropriate, sitting down periods of over two hours should be avoided, and screen time should at most be limited to two hours per day (Tammelin & Karvinen (eds.) 2008). Health researchers have also presented minimum recommendations for the sleeping time of young people. According to the recommendations, the need for sleep of a teenager is around nine hours per night (Tynjälä et al 2002; National Sleep Foundation).

In this presentation, I will examine what a schoolchild's day looks like based on his or her time use. Do schoolchildren sleep according to recommendations? Has screen time increased as is feared? What has happened to physical exercise among schoolchildren? How much time is spent on studying?

I use the data from Statistics Finland's Time Use Survey as my material. The survey data derive from the years 1987 to 1988, 1999 to 2000 and 2009 to 2010. The examined young people have been limited to comprehensive school and upper secondary general school pupils. Thus, the examined group is mainly aged between 10 and 18. The presentation examines their time use during school days and days off during school terms. The 2009 to 2010 data contain 464 survey days for comprehensive school pupils and 191 survey days for secondary general school pupils.

Rhythms of the academic life

Author: Julie Verbeylen

Contributing author(s): Ignace Glorieux

Fulltime academics in Belgium work on average 55 hours a week. The impact of such an extensive workweek on workers’ wellbeing and their personal life is difficult to estimate when one only considers how much people work. Equally important is the time of the day that people are working. This is especially interesting in the case of academics workers as they generally enjoy high levels of autonomy and their work is not bound to a certain time or place. They have the possibility to vary their schedule accordingly and to work on non-standard hours (evening, weekend). In this presentation we want to address two questions. First of all, which working time patterns can be identified within a population of academics? And secondly, how do working time patterns correspond to workers’ wellbeing (subjective time pressure, work-life conflict, …)?

To answer these questions, we will be using time-use data that were gathered in 2015 among the academic staff at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. 170 academics (respons rate of 26%) kept track of their daily activities (work and non-work) in an online diary and this during a seven-day ­period. By using an additional questionnaire we also obtained information on subjective aspects of their work. These unique data offer the opportunity to see how people organise their working time when given the autonomy to do so. To identify working time patterns, we will apply optimal matching techniques. Gender, discipline and career advancement will be controlled for, as we expect them to interact with people’s use of time.

Household production and consumption over the lifecycle in Europe

Author: Lili Vargha

Contributing author(s): Ana Seme, Robert I. Gál, Bernhard Hammer, Joze Sambt

While the importance of unpaid household labour in total economic output is recognized, little is known about the demographics of its production and consumption. Our goal is to give a comprehensive estimation on the value of production and consumption of unpaid labour by age and gender (‘National Time Transfer Accounts’) and analyse non-market economic transfers in 19 European countries. Our calculations are based on publicly available harmonised data. In order to assign time spent on home production to consumers in households, we introduce a novel imputation method of time use data from the harmonised European time use study (HETUS) and the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) to nationally representative samples (EU-SILC, ECHP and IPUMS census data). Monetary values are attributed to unpaid labour activities using harmonised data on earnings (SES, WB data). Apart from pointing out key country specific results we show how household production and consumption over the lifecycle changed over time. We make two important observations on the age patterns of non-market economic activity. First, the economic lifecycle of men and women differ. The gender gap in household production is not evenly distributed over the lifecycle and cohorts of working age women contribute the most in net terms. Secondly, the main beneficiaries of unpaid household labour are children, not adult men, nor the elderly. In contrast with the national economy, in which intergenerational flows are important in sustaining both childhood and old age, working age people almost exclusively support only children in the household economies of Europe. Older cohorts consume household goods and services mostly produced by them. With our analysis we add a new focus to the research on home production. While keeping the gender aspect, we demonstrate the importance of the lifecycle component of unpaid household labour.

Gendered Sequences: Differences in Women's and Men's Activity Patterns Across the Day

Author: Liana Sayer

Contributing author(s): Joanna R. Pepin

Scholarship on gender differences in time use has not adequately addressed the issue of how time is experienced by men and women throughout the day. Using data from the 2012 American Time Use Survey on employed individuals (N = 5,198), we use sequence analysis, a relatively novel statistical approach to analyzing time use data. Although the average person is engaged in passive leisure during the evening hours, this time period is more standardized for men than women. The most common combinations of activities include time spent in sleep, work and education, eating, and passive leisure. Men engage in twelve activities throughout the day while women engage in fourteen activities, meaning women switch between activities more often than men. The average episode length of work/education and passive leisure is longer for men than women. Our findings suggest women may experience time as more stressful or rushed than men.

The Measurement of Time and Consumption Poverty in Africa: Ghana and Tanzania

Author: Kijong Kim

Contributing author(s): Ajit Zacharias, Thomas Masterson, Fernando Rios-Avila, Tamar Khitarishvili, Bernice Ofosu-Baadu , Ahmed Makbel

In this paper, we apply the Levy Institute Measure of Time and Consumption Poverty (LIMTCP) to the cases of Ghana and Tanzania. The LIMTCP is a two-dimensional measure of poverty, which takes into account the necessary income and household production time needed to achieve a minimum living standard. We use a statistically matched dataset of the time use and the living standard surveys of the two countries. We find that adjusting for the value of time deficits in Ghana increases the measured poverty rate by about 6 percentage points from the official poverty rate of 24 to 30 percent in 2012-2013. In Tanzania, the same adjustment increased the measured rate by 9 percentage points from 28 to 37 percent in 2011-12. This represents an addition of approximately 1.5 million individuals to the ranks of the poor in Ghana and 3.8 million in Tanzania. Our estimates reveal pronounced gender disparities in both countries. Among those who are consumption-poor, the incidence of time poverty in Ghana is about three times as high for women as it is for men. In Tanzania, similar patterns were found. Consumption-poor women were 1.7 times as likely to be time-poor as their male counterparts and consumption-nonpoor women 1.4 times as likely to be time-poor. We conduct microsimulation exercises of wage employment under different scenarios to evaluate how much employment could contribute to the reduction of the poverty rate. A comparative analysis of the two countries highlights that economic environment, such as industry structure, is asscoaited with market activities as well as with non-market productive activities at home. 

How Portuguese women and men use their time: a gender-sensitive approach to paid work and unpaid care work

Author: Heloisa Perista

Contributing author(s): Ana Cardoso

This paper focus on the main results of a large scale, nationwide, time use survey addressed to a representative sample of the population living in Portugal, aged 15 years or over, in a total of 10,000 questionnaires, conducted in 2015. Using a multi-method approach, these quantitative results will be complemented and illustrated by the findings of 50 qualitative in-depth interviews with men and women in different regions of the country: either living in a dual career couple in a heterosexual relationship, and with a child (children) aged up to 15 years old; or single parents, in employment, and with a child (children) aged up to 15 years old. The patterns of time use distribution as well as the norms and meanings of time, the dynamics within the couple, and the power over time are discussed, adopting a gender-sensitive approach to paid and unpaid work. The articulation, or conflict, of work with family and personal life of women and men, as a tool for the promotion of gender equality is thus a crucial underlying topic in this paper. This study was developed within the project, National Survey on Time Use by Men and Women, funded by the European Economic Area Financial Mechanism, EEA Grants, Programme Area PT07: Mainstreaming Gender Equality and Promoting Work-Life Balance. The project is promoted by the Centre for Studies for Social Intervention (Centro de Estudos para a Intervenção Social, CESIS), in partnership with the Commission for Equality in Labour and Employment (Comissão para a Igualdade no Trabalho e no Emprego, CITE).

Time use in Portugal: an age cohort approach to the gendered distribution of paid work and unpaid care work

Author: Heloisa Perista

Contributing author(s): Heloísa Perista

This paper focuses on the patterns of time use distribution over the life course, using age cohort analysis as a proxy.

Women’s and men’s usual practices as well as feelings about time, including time poverty and time stress, are discussed namely regarding paid work and unpaid care work. The desired times, at the personal level, of men and women in different stages over their life course are also analysed.

The results of a large scale, nationwide, time use survey addressed to a representative sample of the population living in Portugal, aged 15 years or over, in a total of 10,000 questionnaires, conducted in 2015, form the empirical basis of the analysis.

This study was developed within the project, National Survey on Time Use by Men and Women, funded by the European Economic Area Financial Mechanism, EEA Grants, Programme Area PT07: Mainstreaming Gender Equality and Promoting Work-Life Balance. The project is promoted by the Centre for Studies for Social Intervention (Centro de Estudos para a Intervenção Social, CESIS), in partnership with the Commission for Equality in Labour and Employment (Comissão para a Igualdade no Trabalho e no Emprego, CITE).

The Challenges of Measurement of Time-Use and Well-Being: A Case of Indian Punjab

Author: A Anupama Uppal

Punjab state, located in northern region of India, is predominantly an agrarian economy. In mid sixties, this state experienced a revolutionary change in productivity of agriculture due to use of new agricultural technology popularly termed as ‘Green Revolution’. The advent of green revolution not only brought prosperity in the state but it also ensured food self-sufficiency for the country as a whole. Outside agriculture, the rural Punjab is dominated by very small sized home based manufacturing enterprises. In this state, in rural areas, the women are engaged in agriculture, cooking for family members as well as the farm labour, housekeeping, childcare, care of livestock, storing grains and other related activities along with extending a helping hand in artisanship and handicrafts in family enterprises. Much of this work is not recognised as ‘work’ in employment surveys as well as national income statistics. Therefore, the present paper will address this question by showing the gaps in the secondary data and then supplementing it with the primary survey of time use by men and women in Punjab. This study is primarily aimed at understanding the contribution of women’s work in Punjab in terms of labour force participation, domestic duties and the household work which come under both the SNA and extended SNA activities. An attempt has been made to incorporate the time-use dimension in the well being index. This study is based upon both the primary as well as the secondary data. For measuring the labour force participation rate, the work participation rate, women’s involvement in unpaid activities and domestic duties, the information has been extracted from the household level data of NSSO on ‘Employment and Unemployment Situation in India’, the 68th Round (2011-12). For the time use survey, three Districts of Punjab state have been selected on basis of their agro-climatic characteristics. A sample of 300 households has been taken from these districts. Following the method used by Floro and Pichetpongsa (2010), Well Being Index (WBI) index has been constructed for males and females in rural as well as urban areas for different social groups. Finally, this paper discusses about the challenges of the measurement of well being and time use in this state. 

Personal use of internet and travel: evidence from the Canadian General Social Survey’s 2010 time use module

Author: Ugo Lachapelle

Contributing author(s): Frédéric Jean-Germain

Personal use of Internet has been consistently increasing in most developed countries for documentation, shopping and communication purposes. Internet uses have the potential to reduce travel by substituting trips with on-line activities. Current evidence suggests that on-line communications have not had a strong impact on travel as corporeal communications are still favored by most and on-line shopping is often supplemented with “showrooming”, examining merchandise in a traditional retail store to then purchase it on-line.

Using a National time use survey included in the 2010 Canadian General Social Survey (n=19,000), this paper explores the use of Internet and how it relates to travel for various groups of the population. Along with an individual level survey of socio demographic characteristics and residence location, the time use diary provide information on three categories of home Internet activities (communication, shopping and documentation) and twenty-one different travel-related activity codes (destinations).

The paper begins by descriptively exploring time spend on a personal computer at home for the three different activities as a function of socio demographic characteristics and classify groups of Internet users. Indicators of travel times and trip frequencies are then compared across groups of Internet users based on time spent and types of Internet activities. Associations between Internet use and total time spent travelling (Tobit model) as well as on the number and types of destinations reached during the survey day (negative binomial models) are then developed while controlling for socio demographic characteristics and location indicators.

Preliminary findings suggest that Internet use is indeed in some cases associated with modest reductions of some forms of travel while others are associated with more travel. Variations in travel based on Internet use are identified while controlling for the socio demographic differences that most prominently characterize Internet use.

There is a clear case for Internet based reductions in travel. Yet, limited evidence supports modest if non-existent effects. This paper will seek to enhance our understanding of potential relations and help target policies toward those groups more likely to reduce their travel as a result of Internet use.

Key words: Travel, trip purpose, shopping, communication, information technology

Same trip, different modes: Self-reported travel time variations by modes used to access a University campus for users with varying travel patterns

Author: Ugo Lachapelle

Use of alternative modes of transportation (public transit, walking and cycling) is assumed to be less popular partly because of their relative slower speed and longer travel time as compared to car travel. Because most travel surveys only collect information on trips taken during a day, few opportunities exist to actually compare access time by different modes for the same trip origins and destinations. Such analysis can help establish thresholds below which modes compete favorably with respect to travel time.

The objective of this paper is to compare reported travel time and travel time difference for pairs of trips linking home and University campus by different modes for respondents reporting varying their use of travel modes to access a University campus.

A campus travel survey of students and employees was conducted at the University of Quebec in Montreal in March 2014 (n=4182). The survey included questions on travel time by modes actually used to access campus, travel distance and socio demographic characteristics.

Pairwise t-test on travel time differences for pairs of modes was used to assess average variation in travel time depending on modes used. Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regressions on the factors associated with travel time differences for pairs of modes are conducted to assess thresholds where alternative modes become competitive with automobile travel.

A large share of participants did use various modes for home to University trips. For the same individual taking the same home to University trip, car travel is on average usually shorter than bike, walk and transit travel time (respectively by 11, 30 and 14 minutes), but transit does not significantly differ from bicycling time (29 minutes average travel time for both). These mean differences obscure the fact that depending on home to campus distance, differences can be close to null, or even opposite to expected directions. For shorter distances, the travel time difference is shorter, and increases as distance to campus increases.

Distance thresholds below which alternative modes can become competitive can serve to advocate for student and staff housing in proximity to campus as well as end of trip facilities for active modes.

Keywords: University travel survey, Students, Cycling, Transit use, Travel options, Travel time, Frequency, Travel distance

Comparing the effects of gender role attitude and wives' income contribution on feeling rush for the last 10 years in South Korea

Author: IkHyun Joo

Contributing author(s): none

Most researchers agree that leisure time has negative effects on feeling busy, but working time has positive effects on feeling busy. However, there is still difference of subjective time pressure after controlling leisure time and working time. This article's purpose is exploring what factor has effects on time pressure. I focus on dual earner couples because work-life balance is very hot issue in South Korea. It is generally known that the higher income couple earns, the busier they are. My question is that there could be another factor.I believe in that couple relationship has effects on couple members. So, in order to find what couple level factors affect individual level feeling rush, I constructed couple matching data set. The regression results show me that spouse’s characteristics affects individual’s feeling rush. Especially I focus on two independent variables and one contingency variable: gender role attitude, wives’ house income contribution and period dummy variable.First of all, I found gender role attitude and period variables are very significant variables. The effect power of gender role attitude increases over time interestingly. This finding means that social policy could decrease feeling rush because social policy like gender equality education or publicity would affect gender role attitude and period is actually proxy variable about social policy. In South Korea, gender equality policy budget has increased for the last 10 years.Second, wives household income contribution has negative effects on feeling rush. Also this tendency has increased in the last 10 years too. 10 years ago, wives who earned more income than their husbands felt higher time pressure but today they do not.To sum up, my research results show that couples’ gender role attitude and wives income contribution affect feeling rush and social policy can modify this relation. 

Social Change of the Temporal Order of Household Organization Activities, Especially Shopping

Author:

Contributing author(s): Dr. Georgios Papastefanou

In recent years, the sociological science has increasingly perceived the social significance of

consumption – the market shaped mediated acquisition of goods or services for private use

(Rosa/Lorenz 2009, 11). The so-called consumerism-diagnosis postulates, that consumption

oriented acting, advanced to the dominant and paradigmatic form of action par excellence. In

“Shopping”, the ecstatic sliding of a produced desire and its immediate fulfillment to the next,

this type of acting finds its ideal typical expression (Rosa/Lorenz 2009, 10). Interestingly,

however, it can be most recently observed that buying, which means acquiring goods or

services, shall take the place of “real” consumption in terms of appropriation (Rosa/Lorenz

2009, 14). Accordingly, the ideas and practices of the modern shopping phenomenon indicate,

that the “faster” experience of purchasing seems to be of greater importance than the actual

use of the so acquiree (Rosa/Lorenz 2009, 15). Especially the phenomenon of online

shopping, which emerged in the successive process of “technological acceleration” (Rosa

2010), offers a particularly accelerated form of high-speed shopping. In this manner, the

increasing “scarcity of time” (Rosa/Scheuermann 2009, 5), which is recently observed by

contemporary time use research, is compatible with the increasing consumption of buying.

In a superordinate framework of the theory of social acceleration, which inter alia postulates

an acceleration of everyday life (Rosa/Scheuermann 2009, 24), and the associated high-speed

society (Rosa/Scheuermann 2009), the present paper seeks to investigate, how social

acceleration, as fundamental trait of modern societal development respectively social change,

manifests itself in the dynamization of temporal consumption patterns. How did the absolute

quantitative temporal extent of shopping, and, specific patterns, regarding the fragmentation

and period length, change over time? And furthermore, to what extent one can speak of a shift

in shopping patterns from traditional towards internet-based types? Using data from German

Time Use Survey (1991/1992; 2001/2002; 2012/2013), the paper at hand tries to examine said

matters empirically on the basis of sequence analytical methods.

Time with children – social changes towards a fragmented and scattered focus?

Author: Laura Beuter

Contributing author(s): Georgios Papastefanou

A thesis on high speed society (Rosa and Scheuermann 2009) claims that technological changes like internet access, faster consumer services and a significant decrease in working time with more time off-work available, pave the way for more leisure activities. Leading to aspirations for more intensified personal leisure consumption, this seemingly does not imply a reduction of engagement in work, family and household activities, but an intense ambition to reconcile all these activities. This might be connected to a meaning of voraciousness, not only in relation to cultural consumption as Katz-Gerro and Sullivan (2007) asserted, but also regarding engagement in disparate life domains. Given limits of available time, this might  lead to increased congestion, multi-tasking and fragmentation of diurnal activities. Interaction with children is a demanding task to be included in the flow of daily activities and therefore crucially exposed to the intensified aspirations of   toof meeting all time needs. As a consequence interaction with children might not be reduced in time amount but in number and duration of episodes, producing a kind of “time confetti” interaction pattern.. Our study is aimed at empirically exploring this hypothesis, by using  time use data from the GermanTime Use Survey (GETUS), which was conducted in 1991/1992, 2001/2002 and 2012/2013 by the Federal Bureau of Statistics of Germany. In order to quantify the spread of children interaction activities in the context of other everyday life sequences,we use  complexity indices like that of Gabadinho et. al. (2011) and  Elzinga (2010. Preliminary results show that – while the amount of time devoted to interaction with children did not changed  - variability of time episodes of interacting with children seemed to increase and being focused on  a decreased the, but also to  less motional  demanding activities like playing with children and  attending children’s events.

Annual time worked per adult, GDP and time allocation in Poland during the first decade of EU membership

Author: Jacek Jankiewicz

When investigating decisions taken in the context of monetary price and monetary income, economists have naturally tended to focus their attention on the market activities of households. In this way, a significant part of the economic decisions that are taken in the non-market sphere remained overlooked. Also, the distinction between market work and leisure used in the traditional model of labour supply ignores non-market production activities, thereby reducing the role of women in creating that part of the social well-being of households which can be fulfilled through economic activity. Thus a need for taking into account the production generated by households in the measurement of economic wealth was recognized.The aim of this paper is to analyse changes in economic activity in Polish society during the first decade of EU membership and its influence on the wealth created. The use of traditional statistics and time-use data for this purpose made it possible to compare the conclusions that can be drawn using such different sources of information. In the first place the analysis presented took into account GDP per capita and several indicators for labour market performance. As the statistical material has been supplemented with time-use data describing the years 2003-2004 and 2013, prior conclusions about creating the economic welfare of society needed to be modified. Gross domestic product, the commonly used measure of growth and prosperity at the macroeconomic level, focuses on market activities, which means that the value of such statistics does not fully reflect the productive activities of societies or their wealth. The way households allocate their time and the extent to which their production is substituted by market goods and services have an impact on the level of social prosperity. During the first decade of Polish membership women's participation in the labour market and the proportion of people who indicated the category "fulfilling domestic tasks" changed significantly. This induced a modification of the conclusions that could be drawn about the wealth created when solely looking at GDP levels and dynamics.

What Time Is it? Depends Who You Ask: Survey Respondent Bias in a Ugandan Household Survey

Author: Joshua Merfeld

Labor is one of the most productive assets for many rural households in developing countries. Despite the importance of labor---and time use more generally---little research has empirically examined the quality of time-use data in household surveys. Many household surveys rely on respondent recall, the quality of which may degrade as recall length increases. In addition, respondents often report on time allocation for the entire household, which they may not recall as clearly as their own time allocation. Finally, simultaneous activities may lead to the systematic underestimation of certain activities, particularly those that tend to be performed by women. In this paper, I examine whether the identity of the survey respondent affects estimates of time allocation within the household. I find individuals responding for themselves report higher levels of time use over the previous week than when responding for others. Moreover, male respondents tend to underreport time allocation for females over the age of 15 as compared to female respondents, especially time spent on domestic activities. In addition, an analysis of the effects of two economics shocks---having a baby and floods or droughts---suggests that the identity of the respondent can affect substantive conclusions about the effects of shocks on household time use.

Gender specific changes in time use habits of an ageing population – the (old)timer’s balance

Author: Johanna Giczi

As a result of the different gender role expectations, everyday lives of men and women show different time allocation patterns: men being - the primary breadwinners tend to spend considerably more time on paid work; women, on the other hand - besides taking part in paid work activities - usually are responsible for the unpaid (and rather traditional) „second shift” and do the corresponding care work regarding housework, and tiresome caring about children and elderly members of the household. Changes in the nature of our life cycle, namely a notable shift from - an earlier - linear concept, to a postmodern, cyclical, dynamic one that is much more focused on the social context, can result new time allocation patterns. In our study our primary end is to explore whether traditional and gendered patterns of time use display a shift through aging (from middle-aged to becoming elder)-  and if the answer is positive, what kind of differences can be presented between men and women in time allocation. Our results do support earlier research inferences on whether differences between time use patterns between men and women stay or stay not as we move from youth to active age groups to the elderly.

Keywords:

Patriarchal Time Regime; TWAD-Index; Time Allocation; Gender

The Relationship of Non-Marriage/Late Marriage and Changes in Time Spent on Housework for Men and Women

Author: Yoko WATANABE

The trend among young people in Japan to either not marry or marry later in life is continuing. Over the past twenty years, the time spent performing housework has increased for men and has decreased for women. Looking at whether the change is related to the trend for people not to marry or to marry later or how it is influenced by that trend, this study also seeks to clarify the differences between the housework of unmarried people and married people, both men and women, as well as factors behind the recent changes.

       In October 2015, NHK conducted a survey of 12,600 people selected from the Basic Resident Register, asking them to record a precoded time-use diary in 15-minute increments over a 24-hour period. The survey results can be compared with the surveys conducted every five years by the same method since 1995.

              Looking at the ratio of doers who perform housework for those already married and that for those non-married, as well as the relationship of these doer ratios and the percentage of unmarried people, we find that the reason for the decrease in the doer ratio for women lies in the increase of unmarried women whose doer ratio is low, and the decrease in the doer ratio among unmarried women in their 40s and 50s. The reason for the increase in the doer rate for men stems from the increase of those who perform housework among married men. Subsequent research is needed to examine the increase in housework among men in relation to other types of activity, awareness, and relationship to family members who live with them.

The Background of Reduced Television-Viewing in Terms of Daily Activity

Author: Chie Sekine

For Japanese, television is a “daily media” that most people use almost daily, but television-viewing time has continued to decrease in recent years. Is the time that people once used watching television now being spent accessing the Internet and its rapidly increasing services?

       In October 2015, NHK conducted a survey of 12,600 people selected from the Basic Resident Register, asking them to record a precoded time-use diary in 15-minute increments over a 24-hour period. The survey results can be compared with the surveys conducted every five years by the same method since 1995.

       The results of the survey show that in the backdrop of the reduction of television viewing are various factors including an “early to bed and early to rise” tendency due to a shift to early morning in “working time” for employed persons and in “class time and school activities” for students. Furthermore, during the evening hours (“golden time” for television viewing), time spent for “personal care” increased, and viewing of the “Internet” and “videos, HDDs and DVDs” also increased.

       The study revealed that the decrease in television viewing among Japanese is due not only to increased use of the Internet, but also to other daily life activities as well.

Evaluating the effects of daily unmindfulness on well-being using a wearable device

Author: Junichirou Ishio

Contributing author(s): Naoya Abe

In order to evaluate people’s daily affective well-being (one of the dimensions of subjective well-being), researchers have used the day reconstruction method (DRM), which utilizes the quite similar framework of the time-use diary method. In DRM, the participants answer the episodes that they experienced in the preceding day, and evaluate each episode based on their affective states of that time using affect descriptors and affect scales from 0 to 6—from not at all to extremely high.

However, the participants sometimes claim that; they do not remember what they felt, or simply said ‘as usual’ and have no idea about their affective states. Such people finally tend to choose 0 for all descriptors, or evaluate their affective states based on their schema rather than actual memory. It suggests that people are not always enough mindful to properly memorize their own affective states. Therefore, without considering the effects from such unmindfulness, we are not able to precisely measure affective well-being of the people.

For investigating the effects of unmindfulness, we have added questions to DRM and asked the participants to evaluate their level of mindfulness in each episode. And to monitor the internal states of the participants objectively, a wristband-type wearable device has been introduced. The device measures heart rate variability (HRV), which can be used as an indicator of the psychological stress level. The stress levels of the participants in each episode have been evaluated by using this indicator, and the stress levels in mindful episodes have been compared with the stress levels in less mindful episodes. The survey was conducted in a local community in Japan. We analyzed the relationship among mindfulness, stress level induced from HRV, and affective well-being of the people in the local community.

We find a positive correlation between the mindfulness and the stress levels. Furthermore, we realized that there was a possibility to predict the state of life satisfaction of the people and the state of their subconscious mind through investigating the results of the affective states in less mindful times.

Undoing Masculinity in the Canadian Household: Time Use Analysis of Housework Tasks, 1986-2010

Author: Kamila Kolpashnikova

 The traditional gendered division of household labour, where women did the bulk of all domestic labour, has eroded. An array of studies, from Canada (Marshall, 2006; 2011) and elsewhere (Hook, 2010; Gimenez-Nadal and Sevilla, 2012; Kan, Sullivan, and Gershuny, 2011) demonstrate that women are devoting less time to housework and that men are gradually taking on more responsibility. Exactly what drives this gender convergence for individual housework tasks remains unclear. The question raised by this paper is the following: whether gender display and bargaining can explain the behaviour of women and men in terms of their participation in housework similarly for all tasks? To answer these questions, I employ year fixed-effects OLS regression with the Heckman selection adjustment on the time-use diaries of the Canada-wide General Social Survey (GSS), cycles 2 (1986), 7 (1992), 12 (1998), 19 (2005), and 24 (2010). Aggregate trends show that domestic work that men and women do is converging, while the same is true for time spent on paid work. This general picture, though, conceals stark differences. Thus, while cooking women are bargaining with their partners, in cleaning women are still “doing” gender. Canadian men are “undoing” gender in cooking and child care. This finding contradicts Brines’ 1994 work and her findings on the American men. In contrast, Canadian men, show a consistent pattern over the period from 1986 to 2010 – that of “undoing” gender.

Learning Time: Exploring Undergraduate Student Time Use

Author: Yuan-Ling Chiao

During young people’s move from high school to university life, they are faced with several types of lifestyle and academic challenges.  One significant challenge is learning how to manage their time, as they transition from highly structured learning environments in high school, to more flexible and autonomous ones at university.  This is especially true in Taiwan, where it is the cultural and social norm for students to live tightly scheduled and regimented lives, where their time use is largely regulated and controlled by their parents and teachers.  Consequently, students are not given the opportunity to manage their own time until they reach university.  The autonomous management of their own time can be considered to be a critical learning process, and can have profound effects on student achievement and success. This qualitative, explorative study will focus on the initial phases of this learning process; and will closely examine how a small group of Taiwanese undergraduate students view, assess and organize their time during their first year at university.

 Keywords: young adults, time, time management, time usage, life phase transition, autonomy, undergraduates

Factors Affecting Providing Unpaid Eldercare in Turkey

Author: Evrim Sultan

Our country has an aging population. The proportion of elderly population (aged 65 and  older) is increasing continuously. In our country most of the elderly people live in private households instead of nursing homes. In private households, both unpaid and paid eldercare is provided.  Usually unpaid eldercare is provided by their daughters, daughter in laws and other relatives. So the subjects related to old people gains importance gradually in the process of time and there is a need to have information about old people and people who provide eldercare.

In Turkey’s 2014-2015 Time Use Survey, there was a new chapter about Elder Care for supplying data about eldercare and serving the purpose. In this section, questions about elder care were asked in the individual questionnaire in which eldercare was defined asunpaid care or help to elderly persons aged 65 and older who need help.In the questionnaire, by asking respondents whether they provided unpaid assistance or care to an old person aged 65 and older who needed help because of problems or illnesses related to aging, during the last four months regardless he/she was a member of household, relative or not question, eldercare providers were determined. Also there were questions about the eldercare as frequency and to whom the care was provided.

We focus on people who provide unpaid eldercare. Factors such as educational status, age, sex, employment status, marital status can be effective on providing unpaid eldercare. We expect to find some relationships between these factors and persons’ providing unpaid eldercare situation. In this study, we aim to search the factors affecting providing unpaid elder care and to determine the demographic information, characteristics and time use with average activity durations in a day by type of activity of unpaid eldercare providers by using appropriate statistical methods.

Key words: unpaid eldercare, time use

Children and Parents Time Use on Investment in Human Capital in Turkey

Author: aslıhan kabadayı

The value of time use data has been increasingly recognised by policymakers, academicians and researchers. Time use surveys measure the numerous and diverse ways in which people use their 24 hours a day. They might also help to understand the mechanisms which children and youth decide on their activities. In this paper, using data from Turkey’s 2014-2015 Time Use Survey, we focus on the link between time use by parents and time use by their adolescent children.  We investigate activities related to the acquisition of human capital by the child. We try to explain a different link through which parental time use may impact children outcomes. To do this we considered not only study time but also a variety of socialization and networking activities which are thought to have effects on personal interaction skills. In this study, 15-19 years old children are considered since they are thought to decide on their activities more independent of their parents compared to younger children. The survey to 11 440 sample households was applied for the period of 1 August 2014-31 July 2015 in Turkey. Using micro data on time use survey of approximately 1 500 households with 15-19 years old children who are students and not married or cohabiting, without children, living in parental home and with time diary for at least one parent, we estimate logit regression models to examine the mechanism which parents’ time use influence children’s behaviour. We expect to find that the effect of parents’ choice of activities differ across mothers and fathers.  As well as the rate of being affected differs across boys and girls.

Key words: adolescent children, human capital, logit regression models

Towards the Implementation of 2016 Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities on Japan

Author: Hideki KOIZUMI

2016 Survey on Time Use and Leisure Activities of Japan (STULA) will be conducted by Statistics Bureau this October. STULA, which was first carried out in 1976, is conducted every five year and the 2016 STULA will be the 9th survey. In this survey, approximately 88,000 households will be selected and 200,000 (estimated) persons living in the sample households who are ten years old and over will report their activities by every quarter of an hour during consecutive two days which are designated by Statistics Bureau. Household characteristics, labour force status and other characteristics, that are  basic characteristics in terms of socio-economics and demographics, are collected in addition to time use information. These characteristics are frequently used by complementary variables for time use analysis. Moreover, survey item “average hours per day which children under ten years old usually spend at a kindergarten or a nursing school” for their parents, is added in the 2016 STULA. We can analyze more directly the relationship between child-care and labour force status (such as division of roles of child-care in the household, influence of working time, the started time of working, and so on), when we treat this average time information as one of the household information. As mentioned above, we are sure that the added survey item must be useful for the future and be significant variable for one of the complementary variables in time use analysis, as well as “whether the household is two-income or not”. In this paper,it is also introduced the background of child-care in Japan which is obtained from the results of passed STULA.

Time Use According to the Presence of Children in Household (TURKSTAT, Time Use Survey, 2014-2015)

Author: idris beyazit

Time is an irreversible phenomenon, while time use could be measured in numerous ways. Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat) conducted its second time use survey in 2014-2015 period by interviewing with 11 440 households. The methodology was based on 2 diary days which were a weekday and a weekend day. The age limit was 10. The household questionnaire, the individual questionnaire, the diaries and the weekly schedule of working time were applied to the respondents.

In this study, the time use of the individuals who are older than 18 and over, examined by activities and gender due to the presence and the age of youngest household child. In detail, employed and non-employed persons’ time use were analysed by the employment, household and family care and the other primary activities whether the relationship is significant or not depending on the presence and the age of youngest household child (no children under 18, youngest children under 6, youngest children between 6-17). We also must state that American Time Use Survey (ATUS) was inspiration for us.

The findings which are obtained at this study, would affect the social policy proposals could be done concerning work-life balance, working hours, gender equality etc. Particularly, the employed women’s time use in household-family care and employment and the relationship between these two activities due to the presence and the age of youngest household child is important to determine and set appropriate social and gender policies for Turkey.

Also, the findings will be handled by discussing current demographic policies of Turkey.

Key words: time use, work-life balance, employed women, presence of children, TurkStat

 [1] TurkStat Expert, Vital and Gender Statistics Group (M.A. Student in Demography, at Hacettepe University Institute of Population Studies)

Long Working Hours and Workers’ Health in Korea

Author: Seung-Yeol Yee

It is well-known that the working hours are longer in Korea than in any other OECD countries. Many studies have confirmed that long working hours and overwork have the negative effects on the workers’ physical and mental health. This study investigates the impact of long working hours, in particular overtime work, on the health and accident of individual workers in Korea. Using the Korean Working Condition Survey 2014 that was surveyed by the KOSHA, we regressed the subjective and objective variables of health on the independent variables including working hours. Major findings are as follows. First, using working hours as the x-axis, the relations between working hours and work-life balance, subjective health status, absences due to health issues, accidents at work, days present at work although sick, and mental health form a J-shaped curve with a low point somewhere between 36 to 40 hours of work per week. And second, the regression analyses confirmed thatthe longer working hours have the negative effect to the workers’ health, and the unhealthy workers have the shorter working hours. Especially the workers that are working more than 10 hours per day have worse health in the subjective and objective index.

Key words: Working hour, Overwork, Health, Korean Working Condition Survey

Explaining fathers’ time with children in Catalonia: Associations with demographic variables and working conditions

Author: Marc Grau I Grau

Although there is still a gender division of labour in the majority of households in post-industrial countries, evidence seems to suggest that there are some fathers more involved than others, and interestingly, a growing number of fathers that want to be more involved with their children. Using the Catalan Survey on the Use of Time, this study aims to understand how paternal time devoted to children under 10 years old differs across educational level, income, age, number of (paid) working hours, occupation and partner’s occupation among other independent variables. Understanding patterns of those fathers involved with their children will presumable give some clues on how to promote gender equality in parenting. The methodological contribution of this thesis is that it is the first study to use the Catalan Survey on the Use of Time to look at fathers and one of the first ones to consider occupation and partner’s occupation as explanatory variables. Regarding the empirical contribution, the analysis of the time use data reveals that father’s age, educational level and partner’s occupation is positively associated with paternal time devoted to children. In contrast, number of hours is negatively associated with paternal time. 

Unemployment, underemployment and time autonomy by gender in a context of austerity

Author: Margarita Vega Rapún

Within the EU, the post-recession context is characterised by higher levels of unemployment than in the pre-crisis period, and by an important expansion of underemployment. These effects may constitute an important shift in available time and time autonomy among working age people, with consequences for their well-being, leisure patterns, and their ability to return to employment. However, there are only a few studies that link unemployment and available time. These studies show an important gender bias, since unemployed women tend to increase their time in unpaid household work, thereby limiting their possibilities of return to the labour market, as opposed to markedly increasing their leisure time. Unemployed men, on the other hand, tend to increase their study time. While devoting time to studying also does not increase leisure time, it certainly has an important impact on men's subsequent employability and chances of returning to the labour market. The ongoing labour market changes due to austerity policies and an increasing flexibilization and labour market precariety may be alterning these patterns previously found it in the literatura. Time use studies can also inform us about important differences within genders regarding other variables such as education or income.  Using the Multinational Time Use Study data we will do a comparative analysis of how unemployed and underemployed men and women spend their increased available time in some European countries. We will study differences both between and within genders. 

Active workload – passive leisure? Is there a relationship between the physical intensiveness of paid work with activities in other life domains?

Author: Jef Deyaert

Contributing author(s): Weenas, Djiwo; Glorieux, Ignace

Several important societal changes in the last century contributed to a facilitation of sedentary behavior. Changes in the workforce (substitution of physical intensive manual labour by machines, a shift from a heavy industrial economic system towards a knowledge economy which resulted in an expansion of desk jobs) together with a transportation revolution (the democratization of motorized transport: expansion of public transport, accessibility of cars for the masses) and the introduction of electrical appliances in the household (reducing not only the time spent in household work, but also lowering the amount of energy spent in these chores) make that overall levels of sedentariness are rising in contemporary Western societies. Being physically active is no longer a condition to survive, but becomes more and more a voluntary choice. 

In this presentation we will, making use of Belgian time-use diaries (BTUS13), explore the relationship between people’s level of physical activity (PA) in more time-compulsory life domains (household work, childcare and paid work, i.e. the ‘total workload’) and PA during non-work time. Do people with a sedentary total workload compensate in their leisure time by doing more sports and active leisure activities (compensation hypothesis)? Or do they also have sedentary time use patterns in their leisure time such as watching TV, reading a book (spill-over hypothesis)? Or is there no, or a mixed effect (mixed-effects hypothesis)?

Social gradients in physical activity, a time use approach

Author: Jef Deyaert

Contributing author(s): Weenas, Djiwo; Glorieux, Ignace

A vast amount of empirical research indicates significant health benefits of physical activity (PA). The World Health Organization and numerous national health agencies translated these empirical findings in clear guidelines and targets for health enhancing levels of PA. Nevertheless, public health research concerning PA indicates that levels of inactivity and sedentary lifestyles are rising. Building on the extensive amount of research, we already know there is an important social gradient at stake in PA levels for groups with a different SES, or better said, belonging to different classes (Beenackers et al., 2012). 

Making use of the 2013 Belgian Time Use Survey (BTUS13) we will take the opportunity to shed a sociological light on the relationship between social classes and patterns of physical activity. BTUS13 respondents were sampled from the 2013 Belgian Labour Force Survey (LFS13), which gives us, besides detailed and contextualized time use patterns, very rich labour force characteristics. Following Ainsworth’s rationale (Ainsworth et al., 2011) we translated all diary activities and occupational codes (ISCO) towards a measure of PA (we used MET scores, that indicate how physically intensive an activity is compared to the situation of the body in rest). 

We will analyse, apart from sociodemographic background variables, whether class fractions provide valuable explanation power to explain social gradients in PA, which will be operationalized by looking at the total amount of PA people spent in different life domains (paid work, household work, leisure time, …) and whether people are sufficiently active to content to the prevailing health PA guidelines (WHO, 2010).

Keywords: 

Physical activity, Time-use research, Class fractions, Health Guidelines

References: 

Ainsworth, B. E., Haskell, W. L., Herrmann, S. D., Meckes, N., Bassett, D. R., Tudor-Locke, C., … Leon, A. S. (2011). 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(8), 1575–1581. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821ece12.

Beenackers, M. A., Kamphuis, C. B. M., Giskes, K., Brug, J., Kunst, A. E., Burdorf, A., & van Lenthe, F. J. (2012). Socioeconomic inequalities in occupational, leisure-time, and transport related physical activity among European adults: a systematic review. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9 (December 2015), 116. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-116.

WHO. (2010). Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health.

Time use analysis on work-life balance from the perspective of activity rate approach

Author: Masago Fujiwara

Time use analysis on work-life balance

from the perspective of activity rate approach

                                                    Masago FUJIWARA

                                                    The University of Shimane

                                                    2433-2 Nobarachou, Hamada

                                                    697-0016 Shimane, JAPAN  

                                                    m-fujiwara@u-shimane.ac.jp

   Japanese society is suffering from declining fertility and population, and is  supposed to have a more severe lack of labor force in near future.

   To overcome these difficulties, Japanese government is increasing public supports for child care, and implementing various social policies to facilitate women to participate in labor force. The present goal of our government can be said to realize the increasing birthrate and the higher labor participation of women.

   The higher participation of husbands in child care and other unpaid work in household are also expected, as has been discussed in the EU and the US. A good work-life balance of both spouses is expected to contribute to recovering birth rate in their societies as a whole. 

   Most researches in WLB studies have been trying to find the most powerful factors for husbands to participate in childcare and other domestic cares by conducting multivariate analyses.  In my presentations, I explain some results of such Japanese WLB studies.  After that, I will show my approach to the work life balance.

I call my approach ‘ activities rates approach’, which is trying to make the best use of a table of activities rates of every time slots, to find facts in them. We can evaluate the opportunity costs of childcare and other domestic cares, through which we can develop another quite different theoretical stories of WLB. Survey on time use and leisure activities 2011, conducted by Statistics Bureau of Japan, is employed. 

    Key words : Work Life Balance

Study Time Project

Author: Eszter Mészáros

Contributing author(s): Ignace Glorieux

The European Union actively works on a coordinated educational system across countries, which led to the European Credit Transfer System. This tries to provide an idea of the workload students face when taking a specific subject. It provides a measurement unit (study points) that gives an idea about how much work is needed for a specific subject (ECTS guide 2009:11). Universities however are still having difficulties with calculating how much workload a subject actually requires, which often leads to an unbalanced study load.

This project has been developed to measure and define the workload of students at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel (Free University of Brussels). The study provides insight into how much time students spend on the different subjects in their program, how study time is divided across the semester, whether study time varies according the social background of students, etc.   This information can be used to develop more balanced study programs and academic calendars.

After a pilot study in the first semester, currently the study is conducted in the second semester with seven different disciplines. At the conference the first results of the study would be presented. It would also be possible to shed light on the exact method and measurement instrument of the MOTUS system and discuss its effectiveness to measure workload of students. There would be further elaborated on the methods used to motivate students, which could also provide further insights into motivating respondents to take part in online time-use studies.    

Religion, Social Time, and Subjective Well-being in the U.K.

Author: Chaeyoon Lim

Decline in religious participation, especially in attendance of worship services, is one of the major social changes that have taken place in the past several decades in the UK and other Western countries. From the time-use perspective, the decline of church attendance means that people have gained at least a couple of hours of free time in weekend (on Sunday for most Christians), the most enjoyable time of week. This study explores how decline in religious participation has changed the time use on Sunday in the UK. I examine how it has changed the ways people spend their time on Sunday (and in other days of week) and whether it has made Sunday more or less enjoyable for them.

I use the 2015 time diary data and other historical time diary data from the UK. Using these data, this study demonstrates the following. First, religiously active people report a higher level of enjoyment both in weekdays and weekends than non-religious individuals do. Second, religious people spend more time on Sunday with adults outside the household in social activities than non-religious people do. Moreover, they spend more time in the activities that people in general (regardless of religiosity) find most enjoyable. Third, compared to religious people, non-religious individuals spend more time for sleeping, TV watching, and houseworks on Sunday. Four, over the last five decades, the amount of social time on Sunday, especially the time shared with people outside their own household, have declined, partly due to the declining church attendance. Finally, the difference in time use on Sunday, however, does not fully explain the gap in the level of enjoyment between religious and nonreligious people.

This study shows that even in a secular country like the UK, religiously observant people enjoy a higher level of daily affective well-being. This study also reveals how the decline in religious participation has transformed British people’s time use on Sunday. These highlight religion’s role as an organizational focus that coordinates social activities with people outside household, the role that seems to have not been successfully replaced by other social organizations.

Gender inequality on the intergenerational flows in Costa Rica

Author: Pamela Jiménez-Fontana

Background. Since the nineties, Costa Rica experienced an accelerated increase in female labor force participation. However, four years ago, female labor force participation rate reduced its pace of growth, since then it remains stagnant in 45%. Between the main factors that explained the slowdown of female labor force are the bias of family policies that target women as the main responsible for family care. Women's contribution to the economy is minimized in national accounts given the imbalance in the distribution of unpaid work. On average, women are the main responsible of household production, mainly by social norms. This imbalance in household responsibilities reduces women's incorporation to the labor market. Even though, some house work can be bought at the market, it is more difficult to delegate childcare and elderly care.

Objective. The aim of this research is to evidence the gender inequality in the intergenerational transfers of Costa Rica. Also, the study studies the impacts of an increase in female labor force participation on care.

Methods and data. The study uses the Time Use Survey for the Metropolitan Area of Costa Rica of 2011, the Household Income Surveys of 2004 and 2013. The methods used for the estimations are based on the projects: National Transfer Accounts and Counting Women´s Work.

Results. The research shows a slight decrease on the gap between men and women on unpaid work between 2004 and 2013, which might be explained by the increase in female labor force participation rate. Even though women are the main responsible for household production, the profiles differ considerably by work status. Women that reported working at the labor market dedicated considerably less time to household production. This conclusion reinforces the argument that unpaid work is a barrier to increase women’s participation in the labor market. If female labor force participation rate is increased in 4 percentage points, there would be an unmet demand of care of 26.000 that were covered before by female unpaid work. These results should be used by policy makers in order to increase the coverage of public care networks. 

A Time Allocation Model Considering External Providers

Author: Jorge Rosales-Salas

Contributing author(s): Jara-Díaz, Sergio R.

Time use models have advanced significantly during the last decade: their theoretical approach has been refined, functional forms have improved and new constraints have been incorporated, among other aspects. However, there is an incipient development of an issue of great importance: the role and influence of external agents on individual time allocation and the recognition of unpaid/domestic work as a distinctive area of research.

In this study we introduce household production and the potential domestic work substitution by external providers in a time use model, improving its formulation and the interpretation of the values of time. We take into account the marginal utility of domestic activities, their cost - either if self-produced or hired - and the relation between the domestic output and domestic work hours. To the best of our knowledge, no such in-depth model has been reported yet in the time use literature. A stochastic system of equations is proposed and estimated using three Dutch time use and expenses data sets, from which the values of leisure and work are computed and analyzed. Comparative results show that a model with no consideration of hired domestic providers overestimates the values of leisure.

Investigating Older Adults’ Sleep from the Dyadic Approach

Author: Jen-Hao Chen

Research on aging increasingly recognized the importance of sleep as a key determinants of physical and psychological well-being. Extant literature, however, considers sleep solely at the individual-level. This approach overlooks daily sleep habits at the dyadic level can also profoundly shape the well-being of older adults. The present study develops couple-level sleep measures and compares them to traditional individual-level measures.    

 This study analyzed two waves (2009, 2013) of older couple’s same-day time diary data from Panel Study of Income Dynamics Disability, Supplement on Disability and Use of Time. Couple-level sleep measures included: 1) difference in bedtime, 2) difference in wake up time, 3) a categorical indicator of bedtime routine (i.e., husband slept late, wife slept late, or couple slept together within 30 minutes), 4) a categorical indicator of wake up routine (i.e., husband woke up first, wife woke up first, or couple woke up together within 30 minutes).

 Measures indicated substantial discordance among couple’s sleep habits. Couple-level sleep measures predicted individual-level sleep quality but not sleep duration, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics. Additionally, couple-level measures independently predicted respondents’ depression symptoms, controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, lagged depression scale, and individual-level sleep measures. Stronger effects were found on weekday’s couple-level measures.

 For couples, sleep is a dyadic interpersonal process. This study demonstrates that couple-level sleep measures captured important dimensions of older couples’ sleep habits that could not be analyzed with individual-level data. Future data collection and studies of sleep and psychosocial aging of older adults would benefit from taking a dyadic approach.    

Time Use and Activity Patterns in Bangladesh: Evidence from the First (Pilot) Time Use Survey 2012

Author: Mobinul Huq

Bangladesh carried out its first national level time use survey in 2012, and published a summary report containing an overview of the main findings (Time Use Pilot Survey 2012, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), 2013).  Very recently the national statistical agency, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, made the micro-level survey data available to researchers, which allows  researchers for undertaking in-depth analyses for identification and better understanding of the determinants of variations in any observed differences in time use pattern.  The purpose of this research is to undertake such an in-depth analysis.  Specifically, the paper will present overall patterns of time use and activity participation rates.  Then variations by different demographic and socio-economic characteristics will be analyzed and presented. An attempt will be made in this research to explain gender and urban-rural differences in time use patterns.  The finding from this research will help policymakers in formulation of more effective and targeted social programs.

         Key Words:  Bangladesh;  Developing Country;  Time Use Pattern.

Overwhelmed by complexity? - About subjective strain feelings being rooted in behavioral structures of everyday life

Author: Georgios Papastefanou

Modern society is said to be high speed society claims that because of technological changes like internet access, faster consumer services and multiple options in life organization on the one hand, paralleled by increased time off-work (Rosa and Scheuermann 2009). These together fosters culturally formed aspirations for doing everything and not to miss any  of the life choices. Consequently, life pace gets to be more fragmented, congested and polychronous (multitasking) connected to a pervasive pretension to reconcile job, household, family and personal leisure activities, simultaneously with the wish to maintain balance in diurnal life. So, paradoxically, time freeing and multi-optional opportunities, is said to reduce and not to increase subjective well-being.

Recent Germant Time Use Survey (GETUS,conducted in 2012 and 2013) offers data base to explore the hypothesis about the covariation of subjective everyday time load and time scarcity and the behavioral activity patterns in time use. In our study we will examine the covariation of diurnal life strain being self-reported as sleep shortcoming, time pressure and being forced to planning daylife on the one side  with levels of variety and variability of daily activity sequences.  Using   GETUS diary data, variety and variability in diurnal life is measured  by composite complexity indices as of Gabadinho et al. (2011) and Elzinga (2014). Further activity sequences will be explored by optimal matching procedures for typical patterns being connected with specific risks of subjective time mal-being.

Keywords: time pressure, time mal-being, activity sequences, complexity, optimal matching

Changes in intrahousehold time transfers in Mexico between 2002 and 2014: What accounts for what?

Author: Estela Rivero

It has been shown that the time that individuals spend on housework and caregiving depends largely on their sex, stage in the life cycle, the presence and number of children, elderly and disabled individuals in their household, and caregiving needs in their household, whether they work, and the availability of other caregivers in the household. Between 2002 and 2014, the percentage of the population aged 14 years old or less decreased, while those in productive ages and older than 60 years old increased. In the same time period, women’s economic participation increased marginally, but steadily, from 40% to 45%. All these changes may have affected the need for care within the household, and the time that individuals may have available to satisfy them.

Using the National Time Use Surveys for 2002 and 2014, in this paper I analyze how the time that individuals spend and receive from others in terms of household and care activities changed in this period. To start to better understand what may have accounted for these changes over the life course, I explore the role of transformations in the population structure, of participation in the labor force, and of other differences in time use. I do this by varying one by one, the average age, labor force participation and time use structure between the two surveys.

Having had a break today? Social change of timing and sequencing of resting breaks

Author: Sarah Rieger

Contributing author(s): Dr. Georgios Papastefanou

Hartmut Rosa argues that people gain due to technological progress actually on time, but paradoxically, have the permanent feeling of a lack of time. This would be caused to simultaneously climb the pressure to design the time gained as possible creative or effective.

He finally claimed his so-called. "Slippery slope" phenomenon that modern man can never rest and must never be satisfied, because otherwise he must expect to have inconvenience or to suffer a loss.

As obvious consequence you have expected changes to the effect that people significantly shorter their breaks – or maybe skipping those at all - at work, or even having "Turbo" pauses. Otherwise having to fear of a "loss or disadvantages" or perish in competition of everyday work. But what are breaks at work in concrete terms today from?

The data available to the general "breaks behavior" in their daily work is not statement capable enough to accurately determine to what value a break in terms of career advancement ever has. Furthermore the social interpretation of a break in different occupational groups also varies, so whether these breaks are understood as an individual matter, or they are more socially organized.

In contrast are the latest results of time use studies of the German Federal Statistical Office. This survey is carried out at a regular interval of 10 years in the Federal Republic of Germany. The latest survey reveals the remarkable facts, which there is a clear trend towards more extensive and longer breaks during working time in Germany.

With this work we want to investigate on how can the temporal pattern of the break behavior as an interrupting activity be represented in social change as a cohort, age and period effects. Moreover, we want to investigate in which professional status groups the speed dynamics affects particularly striking on shortening or compression of the break type. Are mainly white-collar activities of officials and employees affected, or engages the tendency to shorten and to fragment breaks even with standardized workflows that are typical in blue-collar occupations?

Who says what in time use data? The reliability of third party reporting in the case of Mexico

Author: Estela Rivero

The concern for the recolection of time use data has increased noticeably in the last ten years, due to, among other things, the recognition of time use as a component of well-being, to the need to understand and overcome existing differences between men and women in housework and care activities, and to the awareness of the underestimation of women’s contribution in productive activities. There are many modalities to collect time use data, but one of the cheapest and most commonly used ways, is to do a household survey and to ask the main informant to answer a time-use module for each household member beyond certain age. Two advantages of this method are that it reduces time and monetary costs, as per in each household, the interviewing team recollects the information of several individuals. In addition, an adequate sampling of households may allow to reproduce, after weight factors have been estimated and applied, the age and sex structure of the population. On the downside, however, is the fact that the information is not, except for the main informant, directly provided by the person of interest. This may represent a problem for the accuracy of the indicators, as the main informant may not know what all the individuals in the household spend their time on, or how much time they spend on each activity. In this paper I attempt to assess how serious this problem is, by comparing the time use of individuals who responded directly to the survey, with those whose information is provided by someone else. I do this by using the questions about time spent in housework and care activities included in the 2015 intercensal survey in Mexico. Being representative up to the municipality level, this survey provides a large-enough sample which allows me to partition individuals by sex and large age groups, and to match direct and indirect respondents based on a series of characteristics that affect time use, such as participation in the labor market, household size, and the presence of children and elderly in the household.

Occurrence of domestic activities – The effect of age, gender and children

Author: Mattias Hellgren

The differences between women and men in how everyday life is lived and what activities are performed are well established and explored in time use research. Generally women spend more time doing what historically have been ascribed as “female domestic activities”, activities such as laundry, cleaning, care for children and food preparations compared to men. Men on the other hand tend to spend more time in employed work and on leisure activities. Activities performed in everyday life further tend to change with age as the individuals move through different stages of life – young adult, parent, and retiree –making age and the presence of children important factors. The factors of age and gender thus tend to have a large impact on the activities of everyday life.

These differences are commonly explored from a time budget approach. In difference from this, aggregated time use, approach the time-geographic tradition argues that activities performed in everyday life should be seen as a part of a sequence of activities. By taking a time-geographic point of departure the analytical focus shifts from the aggregated length of time spent on a specific activity to the occurrence of the activity in the sequence; when, at what times and for each occurrence how long the activity is performed. Thus the question on the effect of gender and age shifts to the occurrence in the sequence rather than the length of time.

The aim is to explore what effect factors such as gender, age and the presence of children have on the occurrences of domestic activities and thereby to yield a different, and complementary, picture compared to the aggregated time budget approach. This is accomplished by using a sequence analysis and regression tree approach. The sequences of domestic activities serve as a base and attention is given to factors such as age, gender and presence of children as well as additional factors such as type of employment and household composition.

Human Productivity in a Warmer World: The Impact of Climate Change on the Global Workforce

Author: Ashwin Rode

Contributing author(s): Rachel Baker (Princeton University, USA); Tamma Carleton (University of California, Berkeley, USA); Anthony D'Agostino (Columbia University, USA); Timothy Foreman (Columbia University, USA); Michael Greenstone (University of Chicago, USA); Solomon Hsiang (University of California, Berkeley, USA); Andrew Hultgren (University of California, Berkeley, USA); Amir Jina (University of Chicago, USA); Matthew Pecenco (University of California, Berkeley, USA)

Anthropogenic climate change poses many threats to human wellbeing. Although a growing literature has empirically quantified the impacts of climate on outcomes as diverse as agricultural output, mortality, violent conflict, and energy demand, there remains a critical, yet vastly understudied, component of climate’s impact on welfare: labour productivity. This fundamental building block of economic development and human wellbeing is highly vulnerable to a warming climate, as heat stress can weaken cognitive ability, impose biophysical constraints on work intensity, and induce shorter work hours. We combine time use data with high-resolution daily climate data to estimate the causal impact of changes in temperature on hours worked at subnational resolution in 8 previously unstudied countries (Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Brazil, France, UK, Spain, India). Our empirical approach allows for a non-linear relationship between labour supply and temperature and controls for seasonal trends as well as location-specific, time-invariant unobservable factors that correlate both with climate and economic outcomes. We find that around the world, average daily work hours are reduced by up to an hour on the hottest days, relative to a day in the middle of a country’s temperature distribution. However, the temperature response of working hours varies by country and sector of employment. In Western Europe, only “high-risk” workers (i.e. those employed in a sector where work is primarily performed outdoors) exhibit reduced hours on the hottest days. By contrast, in developing countries reduced hours are observed across all sectors on the hottest days. There is no significant evidence of short-run adaptation through temporal substitutions. Our findings generalize the relationship between temperature and labour across many settings and represent the first estimates of climate’s impact on the global workforce.

Keywords: time use, labor supply, climate change

Social Comparison and Long Work Hours

Author: Gary Zhao

Americans’ exceptionally long work hours have come to the fore in recent years with catchy phrases such as “rat race”, “burnout”, and “time pressed” becoming media headlines.  The reason as to why we are putting all these long hours into our jobs, however, is not well understood.  In fact, neo-classical economics would predict to the exact opposite.  Keynes (1933) argued that “three-hour shifts or a fifteen-hour week” should have become the norm by the turn of the 21st Century due to increased productivity.  Extant theories of prolonged labor supply focus on two divergent directions.  Marxian analysis concentrates on the role of employers in dictating long hours to the extreme of our physical and mental limits (Rottenberg 1995).  Supply-side labor scholars, on the other hand, posit that it is conspicuous consumption that drives us to work longer and harder in order to pay for our risen consumption aspirations (Bowles and Park 2005; Schor 1992).  To date, however, little work has directly examined the relationship between consumption and people’s allocation of work time.  As a result, we lack compelling empirical evidence that establishes a potential cause of over-work, which ultimately hinders our ability to address this widespread social problem.  In this paper, I use data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to directly test consumption’s impact on work hours.  I show that interpersonal comparison of consumption is indeed associated with longer work hours.  However, upon closer examination of consumption categories, I find that not only conspicuous consumption but also private consumption lead to longer work hours.  I argue that these findings call for a deeper sociological understanding of preference formation, in particular, the normative influence of reference group as well as a Durkheimian perspective on the role of occupation in social stratification.

Time-Based Measure of Low Food Access: How Does it Compare to Location-Based Measures?

Author: Yunhee Chang

A decade of food desert research has revealed that places with limited access to healthful foods exist even in the most affluent societies. These places are also characterized with low income or disproportionately represented by minority population, raising equity concerns in distribution of health.

Most of the existing measures that identify geographic areas of low food access use definitions based on locations of household residence relative to various food-retail outlets. Recently a new concept of food access has been proposed based on the household time use data and methods adopted from the transportation research literature as an alternative to the existing measures. The time-based measure of food access is believed to have advantages over location-based measures in terms of accuracy and relevance.

This study assesses the time-based measure of low food access using household-level travel time from the most recent American Time Use Study (ATUS) time diary files, which is compared to the location-based measures from the Food Access Research Data developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Economic Research Service. Socioeconomic and demographic variables are drawn from the Current Population Survey’s (CPS) Annual Social and Economic Supplement.

Specifically, the study estimates time distance to grocery stores, and identifies persons and households with low food access based on time distance. Then, it examines how much of the probability of low food access in time can be explained by the location, and whether there are other determinants.

Findings suggest that, whereas the time-based measure can also be used for geographic identification of food deserts, it offers advantages over location-based measures by accounting for within-area variations in the degree of food access due to the factors such as transportation or physical functionality. Findings from this study have direct implications for government initiatives that aim to achieve equitable access to healthful foods.

Wake Up India, Count Women’s Work

Author: Laishram Ladusingh

Ill treatment and discrimination of women based on gender division of role and responsibility is one of the highest in India. The missing link in policy inputs for alleviation and empowerment of women is not counting women’s household work. This is contrary to the fact that well-being of societies and households depend on daily activities performed by every individual, either for monetary compensation or not. Analysis of time use data unfold that women on the average spent more than 4 hours a day for cooking, serving meals, cleaning and washing while men spent just about twenty minutes a day on the average doing unpaid household work. Considerable time of women totalling 3.5 hours per week on the average were spent for the caring of children. Care for the sick and elderly share negligible proportion of unpaid household work about quarter of an hour per week on the average. In contrast, men hardly spent time for any of these activities putting the burden on women for all the unpaid household work. The market values of the labour inputs for cooking, cleaning and washing, child care, adult and elderly care, and sick care are respectively 1142, 380, 948, 16 and 23 crores of Indian rupees. The contributions of women in the market values of these household works are 96, 92, 82, 81 and 82 percents respectively. It is concluded that counting women’s unpaid household work, valuing their labour inputs and incorporation in the System of National Accounts can be instrumental in placing women in their rightful place in the society.

Gender Convergence in Work and Family Activities of Youth

Author: Sandra Hofferth

Contributing author(s): Frances Goldscheider, University of Maryland, College Park

Since the 1960s, industrialized countries, including the United States, have experienced dramatic increases in the labor force participation of women, including married mothers.  When women entered the public sphere formerly dominated by men, this “first half” of the gender revolution breached the structure of the separate spheres that had characterized the gender balance since the mid-nineteenth century, when the Industrial Revolution first took the majority of men out of the agricultural household economy. Women found that they could contribute more to their family’s well-being by entering paid employment, particularly once the children began school, and increasingly by continuing in the jobs they had pursued before they had a family. This made preparation for employment (i.e., more education) increasingly important for female youth, and the slowing of men’s wage increases meant that male youth need more socialization in domestic work at home as they come increasingly to depend on an earning spouse in adulthood. This has begun to place increased pressure on men to share in the domestic sphere, who, by joining women, complete the second half of the gender revolution. 

Our question is whether changes in gender socialization can be identified that reflect these changed realities and portend continuation of the gender revolution?  This paper addresses gender divergence/convergence in how boys and girls are reared in terms of household work and child care in their own families of origin.  In what areas are boys and girls becoming more similar and in what ways are they still spending time very differently?  The paper will focus on male-female differences in paid work, unpaid household work, and caregiving among 15-19 year-old youth, enrolled in school, and living with at least one parent.  Using U.S. data from the American Time Use Survey, this descriptive analysis will examine changes over the period from 2003 to 2014.  The authors will examine convergence in boys’ and girls’ patterns of paid and unpaid work by parental education, family structure, parental employment, and race/ethnicity.  Implications for work and family patterns in adulthood will be drawn.

Effects of Education Policy to Increase Sleep Duration on Health and Wellbeing among Korean Adolescents

Author: Young Kyung Do

Ensuring adequate sleep hours in adolescents through education policy measures has been highlighted in South Korea, for the purpose of improving their health and wellbeing. Evidence is lacking, however, as to whether such policy efforts have been effective. This paper studies a recently-implemented regulatory policy on late-night tuition at private tutoring institutes (hagwon), a common form of shadow education in Korea, in terms of its effects on adolescent health and wellbeing as well as the causal effect of sleep prolongation on weight problems. This study uses a quasi-experimental study design that exploits a unique natural experiment in the context of South Korea’s highly competitive secondary education. In March 2011, amid growing concerns over the negative consequences of late-night tuition at hagwon, authorities in 3 of the 16 administrative regions in South Korea decreed adjusting the closing hours of hagwon to 10 p.m. Difference-and-differences and an instrumental variable two-stage least squares estimation methods are employed, using data from the 2009-2012 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. The natural experiment involving the policy change in hagwon curfew hours caused an increase in sleep duration and a reduction in the probability of overweight/obesity among a certain group of adolescents. Visible effects were not observed on subjective wellbeing. The main instrumental variable estimation results show that a 1-hour increase in sleep duration led to a 0.56 kg/m2 reduction in body mass index, or a 4.3 percentage-point decrease in the probability of overweight/obesity, in the study sample of general high school 10th- and 11th-graders. This study suggests that public policy can influence adolescents’ sleep behaviors and that sleep gain induced by appropriate public policy can help address negative health consequences of short sleep duration.

Counting Women's Work in Japan

Author: Setsuya Fukuda

National Transfer Account (NTA) is a useful tool to examine inter-generational transfers of production and consumption both in private and public sectors. The recent development of NTA made it possible for some countries to estimate various NTA estimates by sex with incorporation of unpaid work such as housework, child care and elderly care by utilizing data from national time use surveys. Incorporation of monetary values of unpaid work in NTA framework is called National Time Transfer Account (NTTA). This paper is the first study to present various NTA figures incorporating NTTA in Japan.

Japan, the world third largest economy, is also a world forerunner of population aging and facing to the long-term population decline due to low fertility. How the country responds to the growing needs for elderly care and provision of high quality childcare is the crucial issue for the 21st century Japan. Therefore, for example, it is of prime interests for both academics and policy makers how these care needs are financed by not only paid market services but also unpaid non-market services. Also Japan is known as one high income nation with highly skewed gender role divisions. Men and women contribute to paid and unpaid economy in a significantly different way in Japan. Thus, bringing gender into the calculation of various NTA and NTTA measures is indispensable for evaluating and monitoring the country’s economy and gender structures.

By utilizing existing data sources, this paper attempts to provide a few measures of NTA such as life cycle deficit and support ratios incorporating monetary value of unpaid work for Japan. Age profiles of paid and unpaid work are also shown by gender to examine the country’s gender differences in economic contributions.

Key words: NTA, NTTA, Japan, Gender, Generational Economy

‘Slow food’ versus ‘fast food’: What a comparison of eating trends in time-diaries in English-speaking countries and Mediterranean countries shows.

Author: Michael Bittman

Contributing author(s): Michael Bittman and Eimear Cleary

In recent years, the proportion of adults in OECD countries whose Body Mass Index (BMI) exceeds the international agreed cut-off for healthy weight has alarmed health authorities. This problem seems very pronounced in English speaking societies, for example, in the U.S. 65% of adults were either overweight or obese with comparable percentage population of overweight and obese in England, Australia and Canada. Conversely, in Mediterranean countries such as Italy, France and Spain, to a lesser extent, along with Korea the population proportion of overweight and obese is less than 40%.

Among the advanced economies of the world, the greatest threats to public health are expected to arise from non-communicable diseases, particularly Type 2 diabetes, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. The aetiologies of these diseases have not yet been fully established but strong risk factors for disease development have been identified. National policies directed toward smoking cessation are good illustration of how mortality can be reduced by influencing population behavioural change (smoking). Although official guidelines on healthy eating behaviours and physical exercise have been introduced, these recommendations have not reversed the trend towards unhealthy BMI.

This paper explores the idea that trends in social organisation surrounding eating behaviour, as well as nutritional and dietary intake, may be associated with increasing levels of overweight and obesity in some developed countries. This social organisation involves the scheduling of mealtimes, including the number of ‘mindful’ eating events, the social context of events, and the location of eating events. Time Use Surveys are a neglected source of information on the social organisation of eating. By examining information gathered by time diaries in English-speaking countries and making comparisons with available data from Mediterranean countries, we can investigate the idea that social organisation of eating is a risk factor in the ‘epidemic of overweight/obesity. This investigation leads us to look for the direction of trends, the inflection points of changes and the associated changes in the social and locational contexts of mindful eating. Preliminary findings suggest a significant change in the eating patterns of English-speaking societies over the last five decades.

(De)synchronisation of work schedules in dual-earner households

Author: Jennifer Whillans

Economic models of the industrial age were based on regular, rigid, and standardised times, with uniformity of work schedules and a high degree of synchronicity among workers; it is argued that employment schedules have become increasing de-standardised, diversified, and flexible, and schedules and rhythms have become more numerous and differentiated (Paolucci 1996). Changed working arrangements have provided employment conditions that increased the compatibility of employment and domestic life, promoting women’s employment (Rubery et al. 1999).  In the UK in 2014, 57 percent of working-age couple households were dual-earning. The shift towards differentiation of working times introduces an unprecedented complexity to the temporal organisation of people and practices in daily life.

The aim of this paper is to map how contemporary work schedules are played out at the level of the household and examine the ways in which and the extent to which employment schedules are (de)synchronised within dual-earner households in the UK.  Optimal matching analysis is used with the UK Time Use Survey 2015 to create a typology of conjugal work schedules; regression analysis is then used to identify social patterning in the different types of (de)synchronised working lives in dual-earner households.   

The use of paradata to evaluate interview complexity and data quality (in time diary surveys)

Author: Ana Lucia Cordova Cazar

Over the past decades, time use researchers have been increasingly interested in analyzing wellbeing in tandem with the use of time (Juster and Stafford, 1985; Krueger et al, 2009). Many methodological issues have arouse in this endeavor, including the concern about the quality of the time use data. Over the past decade, survey researchers, including those specialized in time use data collection, have increasingly turned to the analysis of paradata to better understand and model data quality. In particular, it has been argued that paradata, data about the data collection process, may serve as proxy of the respondents’ cognitive response process, and can be used as an additional tool to assess the impact of data generation on data quality. Although informative, paradata usually involve very large and complex datasets, as the units of analysis (keystrokes, mouse-clicks) are nested within higher levels (respondents, interviewers).  Such complex structure needs to be correctly considered for paradata to validly inform the assessment of both the survey process and the resulting data quality.

Building on previous research, in this paper data quality in the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) will be assessed through the use of paradata. Specifically, utilizing latent variable measurement techniques, two indexes will be created: a data quality index and an interviewing complexity index, which will then be used to understand the relationship between both constructs.

 The data quality index includes measures of different types of ATUS errors (e.g. low number of reported activities, failures to report an activity, rounding instances), and paradata variables (e.g. response latencies, break-offs). Interviewing complexity is being measured mainly through paradata variables (e.g. number of ‘entries’ per activity, answer changes) and some substantive variables such as number of children present in the household and level of household ‘busyness’. Finally, SEM multi-level models are being conducted to explore the relationship between the constructs of interviewing complexity and data quality, with the objective of providing insights on those interviewing dynamics that most threaten data quality. 

Note: This work is conducted under the NSF Grant No. SES – 1132015 that provided access to the data at the US Census Bureau.

Measuring Working Hours: A Validation Study

Author: Ignace Glorieux

This paper examines and validates three different conventional methods that are used to measure working hours. The first method refers to the Labour Force Survey (LFS). This survey provides a lot of general information about working conditions, social background of the respondents and working times. However, the stylised estimate questions in the LFS are prone to norm adherence and memory decay. When we ask a respondent ‘How many hours did you work last week?’ it is not unlikely that working hours are under- or overestimated. The most accurate way to estimate working time would be achieved by a second method: Time Use Survey estimates (TUS). This is a very detailed method in which respondents register work as being embedded within all their activities, which arguably will lead to more accurate figures. However keeping track of daily activities in a diary is very time consuming and sometimes, for that reason, a real threshold for the respondent. A third possibility, to measure working time, consists of keeping track ofthe weekly work timeby means of a weekly Work Grid (WG). In the WG work is registeredwithin the temporal framework of 7 consecutive days on the basis of a separate schedule using a given definition of work. This weekly Work Grid (WG) is used by many European countries that follow the HETUS-guidelines and is more accurate than the LFS, but often provides no information about the working conditions and background characteristics of the respondents. Since the differences between the WG and the TUS are much smaller than between the LFS and the two other methods, a reliable alternative would be to combine the LFS and the WG.

In this contribution, we highlight the accuracy of this approach and compare our finding with the results from the TUS. In a next step we go deeper into the differences between TUS and WG and explore whether more flexible, irregular working times lead to less accurate estimates in TUS as compared to the WG? Is the flexibility the main ‘problem’, or can mismatches be related to random errors?

Time and the Elderly

Author: Ignace Glorieux

In this contribution we investigate the time use of the elderly persons. We give an overview of how older people spend their time and go into the consequences of the loss of paid work and the changing composition of the family. We analyse the differences between women and men getting older, in order to gain more insight into the different meaning of paid work and parenthood for both men and women. We further investigate the consequences for time use and social relationships of the increasing disabilities in later life. We use the data of the Flemish time use study of 2013 (TOR13) in which a sample of 3.260 respondents between 18 and 75 years old kept a one-week online diary using MOTUS software. These data make it possible to sketch out a detailed picture of the time use of older people and compare it with the time use of middle-aged respondents, and adult respondents in general.   

Time and Efficacy: Temporal Patterns and Neighborhood Inequality

Author: Linsey Edwards

Neighborhoods continue to be a defining characteristic of the opportunity structure—health, education and employment outcomes are all powerfully connected to where one lives. As a result of persistent trends in racial segregation and concentrated poverty in the U.S., the poor and racial minorities are most likely to be exposed to under-resourced neighborhoods, and thus poor outcomes. Neighborhood differences, then, create and reproduce social inequality by conditioning the distribution and differential access to experiences and resources. What about time? Using time diary data from the Princeton Time Affect Study linked with the American Community Survey, as well as ethnographic fieldwork, this paper investigates the ways in which time allocation decisions reflect and are shaped neighborhood contexts. Preliminary results from the paper suggest that neighborhoods are significant factors associated with time allocation decisions in the United States. I find that individuals who live in poor neighborhoods (i.e., defined as ZIP codes where 20 percent or more of residents are below the federal poverty line), for example, spend more time interacting with government institutions and agencies (p<.10) and participating in unpaid care- and housework (p<.001). Even in cases where residents of poor neighborhoods spend less total time on an activity, they experience more episodes of that same activity. This suggests significant differences in fragmentation of the day by neighborhood poverty.  Overall, these time allocation differences seem to be significantly related to aggregate labor market connections as work structures the rhythm of daily life in neighborhoods. These quantitative findings are in line with my ethnographic fieldwork in Philadelphia, where I find, among other things, that residence in a poor neighborhood may disproportionately expose residents to the stress related to conditions of time uncertainty. This uncertainty includes frequent and uncertain wait times and interactions with state agencies on almost a daily basis. Participants in a poor Philadelphia neighborhood, who faced frequency and uncertain waiting, expressed at times feeling a lack of control over their own life. These experiences have the potential to deeply transform community life by undermining the social organization needed for collective action as people are unwilling or unable to coordinate their time. These and other considerations of time are severely limited in both research and policy discussions about neighborhood inequality in the United States. This study begins to fill the gap.

keywords: Temporality, Neighborhoods, Inequality

Children’s leisure time and social class in Belgium

Author: Kyra de Korte

Contributing author(s): Ignace Glorieux

 This oral presentation focuses on the following research question: How does children’s time devoted to leisure activities vary over a day by social class in Flanders?

The daily leisure activities of children and young people is of great interest and concern to their parents, teachers and other educators. Active leisure is often seen as an effective strategy to ensure the socialization of children so that they learn to deal with the dominant social values in our society. Earlier studies have shown that parents value and maintain this aspect of family life and that even when parents devote significant amounts of time to work, they make sure that there is time for leisure activities with their children. Yet there is a very marked difference by social class in how children’s lives and family life are organized. Children’s participation in organized leisure is for instance closely linked to various dimensions of socioeconomic status and the variation in both parental wage rate and parental education is associated with these activities.

In order to understand the variation in leisure-time by social class it is essential to 1) get close to the on-going flow of activities that fill up children’s time and 2) have a good insight in the background characteristics of the parents. Time- use surveys provide a powerful tool to search for time-use patterns.By using the Belgium Time-Use Survey from 2013 (TUS’13) we are able to discern lifestyles in terms of behavioral patterns. Respondents from the age of 10 years old record a diary where they fill in every leisure activity during a weekday and a weekend day. For the insight in the background characteristics of the parents we have a questionnaire linked to the dairy and on top of that, the parents have also filled in the Labour Force Survey. This provides us an enormous amount of invaluable information. This presentation will focus on how leisure activities of children vary by social class, with a special attention to the shared leisure-time between parents and children.

Time use and physical activity: Translating time-use diaries to measures of physical activity.

Author: Jef Deyaert

Contributing author(s): Weenas, Djiwo; Harms, Teresa, Gershuny, Jonathan; Glorieux, Ignace

Traditionally, time use data have been used to inform a broad range of economic and sociological research topics. However, the richness and detail of time-use data can be used for a wide range of often unexplored interdisciplinary research applications, including health. One of the new research areas in time use research is the study of physical activity (PA). Tudor-Locke (2009) pioneered a study using time diary data to estimate PA levels in US adults. Since then, several studies have used time diary data to study PA (e.g. Chau et al., 2012; Millward, Spinney, & Scott, 2014; Smith, Ng, & Popkin, 2014; Spinney, Millward, & Scott, 2011; Tudor-Locke, Leonardi, Johnson, & Katzmarzyk, 2011).

Using time diary data to study PA requires all registered diary activities to be attributed a score that enables comparison about how ‘intensive’or ‘physically active’a certain activity is, compared with other activities. The Ainsworth compendium (Ainsworth et al., 2011) is a comprehensive list of more than 800 everyday activities and their corresponding levels of PA (expressed in METs), which are used to attribute a measure of PA to all primary activity codes in the diaries. However, to lower the registration burden, time diary respondents do not have to identify the various tasks they undertake during their paid work, but indicate merely that they were working during the specified time span. This makes it very difficult, based on the information in the diaries, to attribute MET scores to respondents’working time. Fortunately time diaries are coupled with rich individual and household questionnaires which usually contain detailed information about the respondent’s occupational status.

In this poster session we will explain how we attributed MET scores to ISCO 2008 and SOC 2010 codes. Based on the job tasks that are listed in the official ISCO job description list of the International Labour Organization, we used the Ainsworth compendium (2011) to score the components of each occupation. A MET score was attributed to each 4-digit ISCO code by averaging all job task specific MET scores. Using the ISCO 2008 to the UK SOC 2010 crosswalk, we attributed these occupational MET scores to the UK SOC 2010 codes.

References:

Ainsworth, B. E., Haskell, W. L., Herrmann, S. D., Meckes, N., Bassett, D. R., Tudor-Locke, C., … Leon, A. S. (2011). 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 43(8), 1575–1581. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31821ece12

Chau, J. Y., Merom, D., Grunseit, A., Rissel, C., Bauman, A. E., & van der Ploeg, H. P. (2012). Temporal trends in non-occupational sedentary behaviours from Australian Time Use Surveys 1992, 1997 and 2006. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 76. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-76

Millward, H., Spinney, J. El, & Scott, D. (2014). Durations and domains of daily aerobic activity: Evidence from the 2010 canadian time-use survey. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 11(5), 895–902. doi:10.1123/jpah.2012-0115

Smith, L. P., Ng, S. W., & Popkin, B. M. (2014). No time for the gym? Housework and other non-labor market time use patterns are associated with meeting physical activity recommendations among adults in full-time, sedentary jobs. Social Science and Medicine, 120, 126–134. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.09.010

Spinney, J. E. L., Millward, H., & Scott, D. M. (2011). Measuring active living in Canada: A time-use perspective. Social Science Research, 40(2), 685–694. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2010.09.003

Tudor-Locke, C., Leonardi, C., Johnson, W. D., & Katzmarzyk, P. T. (2011). Time spent in physical activity and sedentary behaviors on the working day: the American time use survey. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine / American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53(12), 1382–7. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e31823c1402

Tudor-Locke, C., Washington, T. L., Ainsworth, B. E., & Troiano, R. P. (2009). Linking the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) and the Compendium of Physical Activities: methods and rationale. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 6(3), 347–53. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19564664

Key words:

Time use data, Physical activity research, Occupational Physical Activity, Methodology, …

Wellbeing of older people in the United Kingdom

Author: Kimberly Fisher

Living conditions for older people in the United Kingdom have changed in many ways over the last fifteen years, with austerity measures restricting access to public services, and restructuring of pension systems. As with many European countries, the median population has risen steadily, and older people represent a significant group of service users. The presentation makes use of two UK surveys: the 2014-2015 Everyday Life Survey and the 2000-2001 National Time Use Survey, to look at how daily activity patterns are changing for older British people. Both surveys include overall life and health satisfaction variables. The more recent survey also includes activity level enjoyment fields in the time diary. We use this data to determine which groups of older people are shifting towards more happy daily routines, and which are finding life increasingly challenging. We also examine the association between living well (meeting minimum thresholds for spending time in the community, in social engagement, in physical activity, and meeting the needs of personal and household maintenance) with the overall enjoyment of sampled diary days and life in general.

Nonstandard Work Schedules and the Work-Life Balance of Mothers in Japan

Author: Akiko Oishi

With the prevalence of ‘24/7 economy,’ an increasing number of mothers across the industrialized countries work hours that fall outside of a typical daytime. Japan is no exception. This labor market trend has raised concerns about its potential impact on children’s well-being. The issue is more important for single-mother families because single-mothers are more likely to work nonstandard hours and they have fewer time and money to spend on children when compared to their married counterparts. Furthermore, not only in the US but also in Japan, the gap in time spent on children between single-parent families and two-parent families has widened in the past few decades (Fox et al. 2013, Tamiya and Shikata 2007). Despite the growing concern over inequality in children’s well-being in Japan, there has been no study that explicitly focuses on mothers’ nonstandard work schedules and their possible effect on family resources spent on children. Thus, using a unique survey that comprises of single and married mothers in Japan, this study investigates factors affecting mothers’ decision to work nonstandard hours, and the effect of mothers’ nonstandard work schedules on the time and money spent on children. I also use the Statistics Bureau’s Japanese Time Use Survey between 1991 to 2006 to examine the trend of mothers' time spent on children.

Subjective family status and housework allocation in modern China

Author: Man Yee Kan

Contributing author(s): Gloria Guangye He

This paper analyses data of the Women Status Survey 2010 to investigate subjective satisfaction with family status and housework allocation in dual-earner married couples in China. We first find that the participation and sharing of all types of domestic work (including routine and non-routine housework and care work) are negatively associated with relative contribution of family income for both men and women. However, the relationship is curvilinear, suggesting gender ideology plays a role in the domestic division of labour. We further examine the association between subjective family status and housework allocation by ordered logistic regression and structural equation models. Results suggest that both men and women are less satisfied with their family status if they share more housework than their partners’, after controlling for household income, relative economic contribution, educational qualifications and so on. Moreover, relative housework contribution is associated more significantly with satisfaction with family status than absolute housework time. In further analysis, we include a correlated error term between housework time and satisfaction in our models to take endogeneity between these factors into account. For men, share of housework is still negatively associated with satisfaction. For women living in rural area, however, the association has become positive, suggesting housework participation is a way to perform their gender roles in the family. 

What Kiwi Kids Do All Day: Applying Time Use Diary Methodology within the Growing Up in New Zealand Longitudinal Study

Author: Polly Atatoa Carr

Time Use Diaries (TUD) have become an increasingly common component of longitudinal studies over recent years. In the Millennium Cohort Study of the UK, fourteen year old children have completed their own diaries, and children have also been TUD participants at age 10-11 years in the Growing Up in Australia longitudinal study.

This presentation will describe the design, testing and possible delivery of a TUD within Growing Up in New Zealand – our contemporary longitudinal study, following approximately 7000 children from before their birth until they are young adults. Growing Up in New Zealand collects evidence from families across the spectrum of socioeconomic status as well as important ethnic diversity. One quarter of the cohort identify within the indigenous Māori ethnic group. Each data collection of Growing Up in New Zealand seeks age-appropriate information across six inter-connected domains: family; societal context and neighbourhood; education; health and wellbeing; psychological and cognitive development; and culture and identity. In 2016 the eight-year data collection wave of Growing Up in New Zealand is in design and the intention is to collect a TUD from the full cohort. While questionnaires within earlier data collection waves of Growing Up in New Zealand have included information about time spent in various activities (including sleeping and using digital technology), the TUD at age eight years will collect a more accurate and comprehensive report of activities (what, with whom, where) across at least one full 24 hour period. The intention is also to collect self-report of how children feel while completing specific activities.

The unique information collected within Growing Up in New Zealand is designed to contribute evidence to research on the causal pathways that lead to particular developmental outcomes, and equity of these outcomes, in contemporary New Zealand society (as well as across international comparisons). While recognising the challenges in developing a high quality TUD without excessive respondent burden and high cost, it is anticipated that the addition of TUD data to the existing longitudinal data will provide further opportunity for Growing Up in New Zealand to reveal important associations between patterns of daily life and these critical short and long-term developmental outcomes.

What does the “long-hours culture” mean for women in Hungary?

Author: Csilla Sebok

The first part of the presentation examines the changes of time spent on paid work amongst employed women by social-occupational groups between 1999-2000 and 2009-2010 in Hungary. As a result of „de-industrialization” trends of the labour market, the structures of both the economic sectors and the occupations have changed. The first had an impact on the distribution of jobs by gender, while the latter influenced the proportion of the blue- / white-collar positions. For women, thus, the number of attainable jobs has increased, especially in professional, leadership and routine services employments. This meant polarization of the labour market not only in terms of qualification, but also in terms of the length of working time.

In the second part of the presentation I analyse the connections between the length of time spent on paid work, and other daily activities, especially household chores and child care. As - in the limited 24-hour daily timeframe - the extended working time hours inevitably mean that the time spent on other activity(ies) will decrease. When the paid job becomes longer, parents may need to decide on how to spend their remaining time. However, part of the activities related to child care - for example the physiological needs of infants - does not depend on individual choices. This approach may reveal which group of women is mostly impacted by the reconciliation difficulties of work and maternal roles, as well as help to understand the fatigues emerging at certain life-stages of individuals.

The analysis is based on two Hungarian time use surveys that were carried out in 1999-2000 and in 2009-2010.

Keywords: De-industrialization, Long working hours, Social class, Time allocation, Work-Life Balance

The sense and non-sense of survey questions in clinical research

Author: Theun Pieter van Tienoven

Contributing author(s): Anke Raaijmakers, Joeri Minnen, Djiwo Weenas, Jef Deyaert, Ignace Glorieux

Background Survey questions (SQ) are standard instruments used to capture aspects of participants’ daily life in clinical studies. However, a SQ that aims at capturing daily (routine) behavior is prone to many measurement errors and often provides invalid results. Activity-based time diary (TD) studies are assumed to provide more valid estimates.

Methods A sample of 2,301 participants took part in a TD study and SQ inquiring their daily goings for the same reference week including patterning of meals. The two methods are being compared for predictability of skipping meals and correlating regular meal patterns with self-administered BMI.

Results A priori defined meals in the SQ result in up to 1out of 4 false negatives for skipping meals compared to posteriori-defined meals the TD studies. The SQ reveals older age groups (56-75y) as a population at risk for skipping meals whereas TD reveals younger age groups (26-45) as a population at risk. Older age groups (56-75y) tend to underestimate regular meal intake in the SQ. The SQ significantly relates increased BMI to irregular breakfast and lunch. The TD significantly only relates increased BMI to irregular dinner.

Conclusion A TD is a more valid method for capturing elements of daily behavior than a simple SQ. The TD provides contradictory results to the SQ. These results show that a lot of sensible topics are studied in a non-sensible way. 

Husbands’ gender ideology matters : Change in wives’ housework time in Korea

Author: Jinwoo Lee

Abstract: This article examines the relationship between married women’s economic status and time spending on household work through gender role attitude the couple hold using the Korean Time Use Survey (2004 and 2009). Economic theory based on rational choice indicates that a comparative advantage would determine the relative time spending on household work between husbands and wives. This approach, however, fails to acknowledge any possibility that gender role attitude would play in this context, because we suspect that husband’s gender role attitude seems to be critical in intra-household time allocation, especially on the wife’s housework time.

By identifying individuals following gender role attitude by traditional or egalitarian type, married couples are categorized into four groups – both egalitarian, both traditional, egalitarian husband-traditional wife, and traditional husband-egalitarian wife. Based on these classifications, we hypothesize that time spending on housework will decline with increasing economic status for wives who are married to egalitarian-type husband, but not for those married to the traditional type.

The empirical analysis using 4,115 couples’ week day time use activities in 2004 and 2009 confirms the hypothesis; wives only with egalitarian husbands were found to decline their time spending on housework with increasing economic status and this tendency is strengthened in 2009 compared to 2004. This finding shows that gender role attitude of husbands, not wives, need to be treated critically in terms of work-life balance policy for women.

Keyword: time use survey, dual-earner couples, gender role attitude, time spending on housework 

www.time-use.be: A tabulation tool for the Belgian Time-Use Data from 1999, 2005 & 2013

Author: Joeri Minnen

Contributing author(s): Ignace Glorieux, Joeri Minnen

This website gives an overview of the time-use of Belgian people living in Brussels, Flanders and Wallonia in 1999, 2005 and 2013. It came to existence as a cooperation project between the Research group TOR of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Statistics Belgium.

The time use of the respondents was registered based on a diary, in accordance with the EUROSTAT guidelines, wherein the respondents noted  all activities in their own words  during one weekday (from Monday until Friday) and one weekend day (Saturday or Sunday) per 10 minute intervals.

In 1999 8,382 respondents of 10 years or older from 4.275 households have filled in their diaries during two days. In 2005 the number of respondents was 6.400 from 3.474 households. In 2013 the number of respondents was 5.559 from 2.744 households.

This website provides the possibility to get an extensive overview of the time-use of the Belgian people from 12 and older in the years of 1999, 2005 and 2013. By using the tables, you can analyse the time-use of the Belgian population per day, per week and broken down by several background characteristics.

Reference in case of using the data from the website:

www.tijdsonderzoek.be: A tabulation tool for the Flemish time-use-database from 1999, 2004 & 2013 (MOTUS)

Author: Joeri Minnen

Contributing author(s): Ignace Glorieux, Theun Pieter van Tienoven

This website gives an overview of the time-use of the Flemish population in 1999, 2004 en 2013 between the age of 18 and 75. It came to existence as a cooperation project between the Research Group TOR of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and the HERCULES-foundation. 

Two paper and pencil - In 1999 TOR launched it first large-scale time-use research. For the data collections, 1.474 respondenten between the age of 18 to 75 (using an aselect sample) kept a paper diary of their daily doings (activities) for one full week. Respondents were also asked about their socio-demografic background and about their opinion of several societal questions. In 2004 TOR again launched a similar time-use research, this time the research counted about 1.780 respondents.

One online - In 2013 the paper diary was replaced by an online diary. For this, Reseach Group TOR developed the MOTUS-software (Modular Online Time Use Survey), using was financial resources from the HERCULES-foundation. Respondent logged on to the MOTUS-webtool and kept an online diary for one full week. In total, 3.260 Flemings between the age of 18 and 75 kept an online diary for one full week in 2013.

Does Caregiving Cause Income Gap? Evidence from Time Use in China

Author: Liu Na

Contributing author(s): /

This paper uses a unique, recent (2010) Chinese household survey data with a specific time use module to draw novel insights on the effect of caregiving on income inequality. The paper combines the fields of household and market by C/W ratio to describe the conflict of work and family, and aims to explore whether caregiving affects income increase and causes income gap from the perspective of opportunity cost. C/W ratio is defined as the ratio of individual time on caregiving to his/her total work time (time on caregiving and market work together). Quantile regressions on the effect of C/W ratio on individual income are taken. And the contribution rate of caregiving to income gap is measured by those quantile estimation, which based on Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition. The main unit of analysis is 10970 individuals aged 16-60. 

Regression findings show that caregiving definitely has a negative effect on enhancing income, individual total income significantly raise 0.37% when C/W ratio increases in 1%. Middle income group and rural residents are affected more heavily. Additionally, income gap widens when  caregiving increases. Decomposition analyses based on quantile estimation indicates that, the contribution rate of caregiving to income gap between low income group and high income group is 2.03%, and it reaches 5.17% between middle income group and high income group . Thus, caregiving restriction is a crucial factor for middle income group to promote to high income group. Furthermore, examines on regional differentials certificates that internal-urban income gap suffers more. It is necessary to pay more attention to the negative effect of caregiving on income increase and the positive contribution of care giving to income gap,especially in the background of the population aging tendency and the released “two-children” policy in China. Some policy implications of findings, such as evaluating unpaid work and establishing satellite accounts on GDP system in China, are drawn out.

Are Government employees doing the tasks they are intended to do? A time-frame analysis of the working tasks: job content, well-being, and work-life balance.

Author: Joeri Minnen

Contributing author(s): Ignace Glorieux

In Belgium everyone who works at the Government is graded in a job profile. This job profile includes all the tasks that are considered to be part of the job content of the personnel.

About 300 employees of the Department of Education of the Flemish Community of Belgium were asked to keep a 7-day diary and to register all of their work activities using on a pre-coded activity list. This activity list was composed on the basis of the 13 possible job profiles of this Department, from the Director General (highest hierarchical level) to the organization assistants (lowest hierarchical level). After an in-depth analysis of the job profiles in total more than 100 detailed work activities were available to select from. The survey was conducted using the MOTUS-software of the Research Group TOR of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel.

From this data collection two research questions were answered. A first research question relates to the question whether or not the actual work activities are in line with the descriptions in the overall job profiles of the Ministry of Education.

A second research question relates to difficulties in combining work and family.

Since most respondents not only registered their work related activities, but also (in broader terms) their private time (transport, household, child care, leisure, media use, personal care, sleep, ...), these data are well suited to get detailed insights in how men and women organise their work and non-work activities. We try to discriminate between different patterns of work-life combinations and relate these to different background variables (job profile, individual, household) and parameters of well-being.    

The time use in latin america: paid and unpaid work

Author: giannina lopez

This paper aims to demonstrate the unequal distribution in paid and unpaid work between men and women in Latin America. Using time-use surveys from Argentina (2013), Colombia (2012), Ecuador (2012), Mexico (2014), Peru (2010) and Uruguay (2013), gender inequalities are analyzed in terms of time use, taking into consideration socioeconomic and political variables. Preliminary analyses show differences in the workloads of men and women in Latin America; therefore, this study will examine the disparities in the distribution of time use in the region among the selected countries.

Time allocation in Spain : does temperature changes matter?

Author: Arantza Ugidos

Contributing author(s): Arantza Gorostiaga and Arantza Ugidos

The goal of the paper is to estimate the impacts of temperature on time allocation by exploiting exogenous variation in temperature over time within provinces.

Climatic conditions affect everyday life considerably. High temperatures may cause discomfort and fatigue depending on the type of activity and the degree of exposure. Some activities can only be engaged in or are more enjoyable during particular weather conditions. Therefore weather may play an important role in individuals’ decisions regarding the allocation of their time between work and leisure. In climate-exposed industries higher temperatures can lead to changes in time allocated to work. Since time is a limited but extremely valuable resource, the welfare implications associated with these weather-induced reallocations of time are potentially quite large.

Following Graff Zivin and Neidell (2013) we use detailed Spanish time-use data in 2002-03 and 2009-10 and link this information to weather data from the National Climatic Data Centre. We categorize time allocated throughout the day into three broad activity categories: work, outdoor leisure and inside leisure. We also define three groups of individuals based on temperature exposure and activity choices: high-risk worker, low-risk worker and non-employed.

We estimate simultaneously the three activity categories and constrain the net effect from a temperature change on total time to sum to zero. We estimate the model for all individuals and then separately for those employed in high risk industries and those employed in low-risk industries.

Our primary results are not conclusive about how individuals’ time allocation respond to temperature changes. We are working on improving the specification of the econometric model and also on improving the estimation method to better identify and isolate the effects of temperature by including year-month and province fixed effects. We would also like to analyze if the observed changes are due to the intraday substitution, the inter-day substitution or acclimatization of individuals to new temperatures.

This study can contribute to a more efficient design of labour and social policies from a better understanding of how individuals decide to distribute their time among different activities and how to adapt such allocation to social, economic and environmental changes

Heideggerian contributions to the understanding of political time

Author: Hânder Leal

Contributing author(s): none

What is political time and why does it lack a sense of urgency? Explaining political time is retrieving its very being: the temporalization of political temporality. We look for an answer to the origin of political time in the existential analytic developed by Martin Heidegger in Being and Time. We suggest that political temporality is derived from the individual’s temporality: everyday Dasein is the subject of the temporalization of political temporality. Approaching philosophy of time and political theory into an ontology of political time allows us to reveal two political temporalities. Firstly, existential microtime is the political implication of the temporality of authentic Dasein, who is being-toward-death as existential urgency of present time and therefore temporalizes political temporality as urgency. Secondly, institutional macrotime is the political implication of the temporality of everyday Dasein. Inauthentic as he/she is, he/she is a being-toward-death as fleeing from death, and so temporalizes political temporality as waiting. Urgency and waiting, the two modes of being of political time, are mediated by two structures of temporalization: modernization and transcendentalism. In the dimension modernization of political temporality, the demand for the achievement at the present time of a political will conceived at the present time relies on the individual’s capability as perceived at the present time. In the dimension transcendentalism, it relies on the sense of urgency triggered by the objectification of death as the impossibility of any possibility. If, as Heidegger claims, the individual is a being-toward-the-end (Sein-zum-Ende), and death is the ontological impossibility of any possibility, then existence is the totality of political time. This means that finiteness (Endlichkeit) imposes on the individual the need for totalizing politics at the present time. However, it turns out that the average citizen takes as his/her own the temporality of the political system, the temporality of the “they” (Dasman), which is ontologically incompatible with existential urgency, since the “they”, as it is both anyone and no one, never dies. The establishment of a methodology of political science aimed at retrieving the sense of urgency requires us to take account of the ontological incompatibility between finiteness and political delay.

Keywords: political time, temporalization of political temporality, political existentialism, Heidegger, Being and Time

Why Do People Overwork at the Risk of Impairing Mental Health?

Author: Sachiko Kuroda

Contributing author(s): Isamu Yamamoto

Using longitudinal data from Japanese workers, this study investigates the relationship between overwork and mental health. Conventional labor supply theory assumes that people allocate hours of work and leisure to maximize personal utility. However, people sometimes work too long (overwork) and by doing so, impair their physical and/or mental health. We introduce non-pecuniary factors into the conventional utility function. Empirical analysis reveals a non-linear relationship between hours worked and job satisfaction. We find that job satisfaction rises when people work more than 55 hours weekly. However, we also find that hours worked linearly erode workers’ mental health. These findings imply that people who overvalue job satisfaction work excessive hours and as a consequence, damage their mental health. We find that people form incorrect beliefs about the mental health risks of overwork, leading them to work longer hours. These results might justify interventions, such as capping hours worked to reduce related mental issues.

Time Use at Work: Subjective Experience of In-role, Extra-role, and Non-work Related Time Activities in Organizations.

Author: Yoonju Cho

As it has been pointed out in the 36th IATUR conference, while there has been some progress in understanding how individuals’ time is used on a daily basis, we know less about how time is used at work. Despite the fact that a large amount of people spend the majority of their day at work, time spend at work in time use research is often labeled and categorized as just that, ‘work’. In this paper, we attempt to describe what happens within this work time based on theoretical concepts offered by organizational researchers. In organizational studies, organizational members’ behavior is largely divided into two categories: In-role behavior and extra-role behavior. This distinction is meaningful because the interplay between these two behaviors and time required carrying out these behaviors result in time crunch, stress, and work-family conflict. In addition to these two behaviors, people at work use time to ‘decompress’. Based on these concepts, we analyze how time is allocated into direct-work related, non-direct-work related, and non-work related time use, using diary method. Although time allocation between direct and non-direct work related behavior often causes stress at work, depending on the experience, non-direct work related behavior can reduce the sense of time crunch. In addition to understanding how time is divided at work, we link people’s subjective understanding and evaluation of their time use. In sum, we attempt to offer not a mere description nor listing of activities going on in the workplace, but a meaningful and relevant categorization of those activities and how time allocated to these activities are subjectively experienced by people in the organization in an interpersonal context. 

Keywords: time use at work, subjective time. 

MOTUS-app: time-use research through smartphones and tablets

Author: Joeri Minnen

Contributing author(s): Theun Pieter van Tienoven, Ignace Glorieux

Time-use research often requires great effort of the participants and is more expensive than conventional data collection techniques. These two factors inhibit the adoption of this specific form of research. To resolve these issues, the Research Group TOR is in the process of translating the classic pen-and-paper research to an online registration procedure, with all benefits included (lower costs, decrease registration burden, guaranteeing certain scientific standards, opening up research possibilities, …). In 2013 an online registration tool for time-use research, named MOTUS (Modular Online Time Use Survey), was developed and tested. However, nowadays people increasingly use smartphones and tablets to consult the Internet and to share information. Therefore, the Research Group TOR decided to also develop an application for smartphones and tablets. Such an application offers great opportunities for (online) time-use research. It allows people to register real-time behaviour. The application will be a web-based version of MOTUS such that respondents can synchronize, update, and replete registered activities on one device with input on another device and vice-versa. This poster demonstrates the translation of MOTUS to a small-screen app without compromising its functionalities and registration procedures.    

Korean adolescents’ time-use patterns and their family characteristics: A person-centered analysis through mixture modeling

Author: Jiyeon Lee

•      The type of presentation: Oral

•      Presentation title: Korean adolescents’ time-use patterns and their family characteristics: A person-centered analysis through mixture modeling

•      Author’s information

The names: Jiyeon Lee

Affiliation: Doctoral Student, Department of Child & Family Studies, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University

Address: 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, South Korea

E-mail address: jibbog2@snu.ac.kr

Country of authors: South Korea

The purpose of this study was to examine associations among Korean adolescents' daily time-use patterns, family characteristics, and psychological outcomes. Recently, the Korean society has paid attention to adolescents’ long studying hours spent, especially in “Hak-won”, which is a private tutoring institution, and to their busy life,. Only few studies consider their family characteristics, such as socioeconomic status (SES). In this light, the current study focused on the importance of family matters on adolescent’s daily time-use. The data came from the 2014 Korean Time Use Survey. The sample included 936 adolescents in 8th grade who lived with both parents in the same data set. For a person-centered analysis, mixture modeling analyses using 6 indicators associated with adolescents’ time-use were conducted. Results showed that time-use patterns of Korean adolescents were diverse and distinctive. On weekdays, 552 participants were classified into three groups which were “No Study Skewed toward Entertainment”, “No Hak-won but Independent Studies”, and “Hak-won Centered Study”. The remaining 384 participants were divided into two groups -- “More Independent Studies” and “More Playing” on weekends. The results of logistic modeling indicated that family factors related to parental SES were significant for adolescents’ time-use patterns. Lower household income predicted “No Study Skewed toward Entertainment” as compared to “Hak-won Centered Study”. Father’s higher education level and male breadwinner household predicted “No Hak-won but Independent Studies” as compared to “Hak-won Centered Study”. Compared to “More Playing”, “More Independent Studies” was predicted by father’s higher education level. These time-use patterns associated family situations showed significant differences in the degrees of subjective time pressure and fatigue. These results were compared to the other similar study in terms of using time-diary data versus questionnaire data and their different psychological outcomes. Findings shed light on how adolescents’ time-use patterns are intertwined with their family matters and psychological outcomes in culturally unique ways.

Key words: daily time-use pattern, family characteristics, psychological outcome, time diary, mixture modeling

Consequences of Global Financial Crisis on Job-Loss, Time Use and Well-being of Informal Sector Industry Workers by Gender in Tamil Nadu, India

Author: Nirmala Velan

Contributing author(s): Vijay Prakash

The current global financial crisis has had varied impact on the labor market and personal time use patterns of workers across gender. The crisis also resulted in consequences such as job lay-off, income loss, indebtedness, depleting savings and reduced household expenditures.  In the absence of proper social security support, the household well-being of especially the informal sector workers further worsened, which often affect the women and girls more. This study aims to examine the impact of financial crisis on employment, austerity and time use pattern of male and female workers and their household well-being, besides exploring the scope and effect of available social protection measures on them. The study uses primary data collected from a random sample of 340 male and female workers (170 each) engaged in textiles and apparel sector in Tirupur district of Tamil Nadu, India, during May-August 2010. The objectives of the study are analyzed using simple averages, percentages, ratios and regression. The findings show the socio-economic and employment backgrounds of majority of both the male and female workers to be backward and largely similar. As they are not sufficiently covered by social protection measures, around two-thirds of both male and female workers had lost their jobs for around two months. Those who had not lost their jobs had also experienced reduced work hours and income. Some of them had taken up alternative employments for lower work hours and wages per day to compensate for the earnings loss. Further, most of the income loss was coped by the households through borrowings and reduced expenditures, which in turn affected their over-all well-being during the period of austerity. The increased non-market hours were used more for leisure by males, whereas the females spent more time on unpaid care services. Thus, the financial crisis had had gendered impact on time use pattern, expenses and over-all well-being of the worker households in the study area. The study recommends the enforcement of social protection measures by employers to mitigate the problems of job and income loss of the workers in the informal sector.

Key words: global financial crisis; job lay-off; time use; well-being; social protection measures

Time use difference of young children according to mothers' childrearing behaviors, the employment and childre's sex

Author: Nam Hee Do

The present study aims to understand basic daily routines and environmental factors that affect infants and young children's development by investigating their time diary in order to provide basic information necessary for infant and early childhood care, education and parent education.

Time Diaries were collected from records of how the children spent their weekdays and weekends, then the differences in the overall hours daily routines and the hours spent on each behavioral domains were calculated Activity hours by age were analyzed to understand the characteristics of activities of children at each age. Lastly, children's working hours were analyzed by the mother's child rearing behaviors, employment status, and children’s sex.

To carry out this study, foreign and national literature were reviewed along with conducting surveys and consulting meetings with field experts. The subjects were five hundred infants and young children (boys 51.2%, girls 48.8%) aged between 1 and 4 (Age 1 25.6%, age 2 26.6%, age 3 23.6%, and age 4 24.2%) residing in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Incheon regions. The mothers or the main caracteristics were surveyed to collect information on the children.

The results are as follows. 1) Children’s time use and participation rate of non-working mother’s in personal maintenance, learning, social interaction and leisure activities are high in week-days. On weekends, children’s time use and participation rate in regardless of mother’s employment are very similar or little more of non-working mothers. 2) Overall time use in personal maintenance, learning, social interaction and leisure activities are different depends on mother’s child rearing behaviors. 3) The time use and participation rate of personal maintenance, learning, social interaction and leisure activities is very similar both week-days and weekends. The policy recommendation suggested based on these results.

Historical Shift in Childcare: Evidence from Estonian Time-Use Data 2000-2010

Author: Marit Rebane

Contributing author(s): Kadri Täht

 Child wellbeing is an important topic for social policy as it is one of the pillars of sustainable development for the whole society. However, the norms connected to childhood and good parenting are in constant flux. Studies on the US and other countries show that parents that are more educated tend to be better aware of the new trends and respectively able to adjust/increase their childcare inputs, raising concerns about persistent or increasing social inequalities for the next generation. The current study looks at household time use patterns regarding children and child-care, both cross-sectionally and historically. We are using Estonian time-use data because: i) there can be observed the shift in “class parenting” in Estonia, ii) childcare aspect has not been analysed in Estonian time-use data, and iii) Estonia stands out with several peculiar population parameters. On one hand, mothers of young children have very high labour force participation rate, while on the other hand, very traditional gender norms inside family. At the same time, divorce rates and the rates of lone motherhood are high. The preliminary findings from time-use data indicate that highly educated mothers with children below 10 years of age have increased their childcare inputs between 2000 and 2010, especially during weekends. Both education gradient and developmental gradient have emerged in the childcare of Estonian mothers and fathers. This means that more educated parents not only devote more time to their minor children, but they also tend to tailor their time according to child development needs. For example, they have increased physical care time with infants, and teaching time with pre-schoolers and elementary school children. Fathers with tertiary education devote more time to their young children compared to less educated fathers. We are also interested in the ‘cost’ of the additional time for child development – do these parents with often more demanding jobs tax leisure, sleep, unpaid labour or paid labour?

 Keywords: child development, mother´s childcare, father´s childcare, inequalities

Changes iin Parental time in South Korea 1999-2014: unconditional quantile regression approach

Author: Jayoung Yoon

Korean parental devote a significant amount of time to domestic and care work. This phenomenon seems to have been persistent despite low fertility in the past decades. As time burden parents face in child-rearing is attributable to avoidance of marriage and births, social policies have been introduced to relieve potential parents of time devoted to domestic and child care time. In this paper, I, using Korean Time Use Surveys, investigate whether and to what extents parental child care time have experiences changes in the magnitude. In doing so, I employ unconditional quantile regression approaches to delve into what factors explain changes in parental time. The approaches are expected to show analyses of parental time over the distribution, not just the mean of the time devoted to domestic and child care. Questions to answer would include the followings. First, what are the patterns and structures of changes in parental time? Second, whether and how do the factors including education, age, working status, use of care services explain parental time for fathers and mothers? Finally, to what extent do these factors explain changes in parental time over the years?     

Nonstandard work hours and quality of life

Author: Jooyeoun Suh

Contributing author(s): Kijong Kim

Growth in the service sector and increasingly sophisticated technology have fueled the rise of the 24-hour society, reshaping when work takes place. The resulting diffusion of work outside of the standard work day may have profound implications for the wellbeing of individuals and families, potentially eroding it. Using Korean Time Use Survey data, this paper examines the relationship between nonstandard work hours and quality of life – measured in terms of family time, leisure time, personal care time, and life satisfaction.

Gender Justice through the 3-R Approach

Author: Indira Hirway

There are several reasons why unpaid work is an important area of concern for a society and an economy. Unpaid work, which is highly unequally distributed between men and women, is inferior work in many ways: it is repetitive (performed daily) and boring, and frequently a drudgery; unpaid workers do not enjoy any upward mobility, no promotions and therefore it is a dead-end job; there is no retirement and no pensions in this work; these workers have a limited exposure to the outside world and has limited opportunities in life. That is, unpaid workers are locked up in low productivity inferior kind of work.

What is important to note is that the predominance of women in this work is not out of their free choice or their relative efficiency or inefficiency; but it is a social construct– determined by patriarchal traditions and values. In fact, this highly unequal distribution is at the root of power relations between men and women, and all pervasive gender inequalities. This work can be viewed as time tax on women throughout their life cycle, which traps the poor and particularly poor women in poverty (income and time poverty). This is in a way social and economic exclusion of women from the market, and from the mainstream economy and a violation of basic human rights of women – right to equal opportunities, right to non-discrimination, right to education and health, and right to work.  

This paper shows, conceptually and empirically, that the triple “R” approach integrates unpaid work into the mainstream economy to provide gender justice.  It will also improve the efficiency of the total workforce on the one hand and reap some macroeconomic gains on the other hand. The first “R” refers to ‘recognition’ of unpaid work, the second “R” refers to reduction in unpaid work in order to reduce the drudgery part of the work as well as the time stress of unpaid workers, while the third “R” refers to redistribute unpaid work within household and within the four institutions (care diamond institutions).  This paper will use the micro TUS data of a country to show how this approach can play a multiple role in the economy.

Distributional aspects of parental time with children: Evidence from the Multinational Time Use Study (1961-2011)

Author: Evrim Altintas

Contributing author(s): Alessandra Casarico, Alessandro Sommacal

Existing literature on parental time with children mainly looks at changes in average time spent in childcare by parents’ gender and level of education, and documents that mothers tend to spend more time with children and that more educated people devote more time to human capital enhancing activities. Previous research also shows a widening education gap in time investment in children. There are, however, no contributions looking at distributional aspects of parental time with children. This paper addresses this gap by focusing on the analysis of the distribution of parental time with children in a novel approach using a Gini coefficient. We test this with data from the last five decades in 19 countries using Multinational Time Use Study. The sample is limited to parents with young children (under 5).

The results show that the inequality in paternal time investment in the last half-century has always been higher than the inequality in maternal time investment, though the gap narrowed in the last decade. Inequality among low-educated parents is consistently higher than that of high-educated parents, and in the case of fathers the gap is widening: Starting from the late 1990s, the Gini coefficient for low-educated fathers has been increasing, whereas the Gini for high-educated fathers has been in decline. This is indicative of further polarisation within the low-educated fathers. There’s a strong correlation between the Gini coefficients for mothers’ and fathers’ care time. The findings also point out to large cross-national differences, the US being the most unequal country in terms of time investment in children. Overall, the results indicate a possible risk-polarisation for children, particularly coming from higher and upper social segments.

What are the long-term health effects of sedentary behaviour and physical activity during youth on health status in adulthood – The 1970 British Cohort Study

Author: Evrim Altintas

Contributing author(s): Karen Milton, Charlie Foster, Jonathan Gershuny

The 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70) is a longitudinal time-use survey, which provides a comprehensive overview of physical activity and sedentary behaviour, as well as health status. Through the application of MET scores to all daily activities, we calculated total energy expenditure during youth (age 16) and determined its impact on future BMI and health in adulthood (age 26), among a sample of 3170 time-use respondents. We exploited the four-day time-use survey collected from the 1970 British Cohort Study (BCS70) respondents in 1986 to predict the long-term health outcomes of daily energy expenditure. We built a series of crude and fully adjusted models to predict the effect of time spent in sedentary behaviour and physical activity on general health outcomes as well as future risks of obesity/ overweight. We found no gender differences in time spent in sedentary activities or time spent in moderate intensity activities; yet girls spent significantly more time in light intensity activities whereas boys spent significantly more in vigorous activities. The long-term effects of daily energy expenditures on BMI and general health depend on weight status in adolescence - within the normal weight range at age16, daily energy expenditure had no significant effect on BMI at age 26, however obesity among boys and girls and underweight among boys were associated with significantly lower BMI at age 26.  Longitudinal time-use surveys provide a rich source of data to provide new insights into the relationships between physical activity and sedentary behaviour and long-term health outcomes.

"Doing care": Why do women work longer hours than men in rural India?

Author: Avanti Mukherjee

This paper investigates why women work longer than men do. Bargaining models suggests that paid work offers economic independence, and increases women's bargaining power over the length of their work day. Building on theories of "doing gender" and institutional bargaining, I argue that women "do care" even when they do paid work not only because they are culturally obliged to, but also because tasks such as feeding children and fetching water are immediate. The only way they can reduce their care responsibilities is to delegate them to other women in the household. Qualitative data gathered from central India validate my hypotheses. Multivariate regression using the Indian Time Use survey confirms that (a) care dependents have a net positive effect on women's total work day, but nil or insignificant effects for men, (b) contrary to the bargaining hypothesis, paid work also has a positive effect on women's total workday, and (c) older married women with daughters-in-law present in the household have shorter workdays due to reduced care-work days. My reults validates the use of mixed methods in understanding how women and men organize work in the household and outside; and my theory of "doing care" could be applied to other rural, developing country contexts, and also to poor women in urban contexts.Keywords: Gender, Care, Intra-household Allocation of time; JEL CODES:  B54, D190

Daily Activities and Health: The Role of Momentary Emotions

Author: Sandra Hofferth

Contributing author(s): Sarah Flood (University of Minnesota), Deborah Carr (Rutgers University), Yoonjoo Lee (University of Maryland)

The association between physical activity and health is well documented, yet prior research has largely ignored the type of activity, the amount of time spent on it, and emotions experienced while engaged.  We used daily time diary data on 24,016 individuals from the American Time Use Survey who participated in the well-being module in 2010, 2012, and 2013, to (1) explore associations between any participation in and daily duration of sedentary and physical activities classified based on metabolic equivalent [MET] values and physical health; (2) examine the extent to which one’s momentary reports of physical and emotional well-being while performing the activity are linked to health; and (3) evaluate the extent to which the associations between activity duration and health vary depending on one’s momentary emotional and physical well-being.  The main dependent variable was self-rated health, measured with the widely used five-category self-rated health indicator.  Recognizing that self-rated health reports may be biased by one’s current mood, we also conducted sensitivity analyses with a self-reported physician diagnosis of hypertension.

Any time spent in housework, leisure, or playing with children was associated with better health whereas any time in sedentary activity was linked with worse health. We also found a health benefit of additional time spent doing housework, but no comparable effects for leisure or playing with children. Greater positive mood and fewer somatic symptoms were associated with better self-reported health, with more consistent associations among the latter. We discuss how mood contributes to activity and health.

 keywords:  health, well-being, physical activity, sedentary activity, mood

Job Search Intensity over the Business Cycle

Author: Gustavo Leyva

The unemployed in the U.S. appear to allocate time to job search activities regardless of the state of the economy. The evidence I document using data from the American Time Use Survey between 2003 and 2014 shows that the unemployed increase their search intensity only slightly if at all during recessions. While their search intensity depends on a number of factors that change over the business cycle, among other arguments examined in this paper, I primarily argue that the countercyclicality of the value of a job is the most promising explanation to reconcile the evidence. This finding has important implications for understanding business cycles and for the design of policy.

Gendered Patterns of Time Use over the Life Cycle and Income Inequality: Evidence from Turkey

Author:

Using the data from the Turkish Time-Use Survey of 2006, we examine the gender differences in time allocation between paid work, and unpaid work among married heterosexual couples. We show large differences in the gender division of both paid and unpaid work at each life stage, regardless of parenthood status. The gender gap in paid and unpaid work is largest among parents of infants compared to parents of older children and couples without children. The gender gap in unpaid work, similarly, is largest among parents of infants. The time women spend doing housework is similar across the course of their life cycle while men who are 45 or above spend more time doing housework than their younger counterparts. The gender difference in care work time is largest among younger women and men than their counterparts. By linking life cycle findings with income inequality indicators we explore the linkages between time use inequalities and income inequality in Turkey. 

Keywords: gender, work time, income inequality

Toward the fragmentation of work? Evidence from time use surveys

Author: Pierre Walthery

The quantitative study of working time has often been restricted to the analysis of self-reported aggregate weekly hours on the one hand, and on respondents' self allocation into broad categories of working arrangements such as ‘flexible’ shift /night/weekend work on the other. ‘Work’ tends therefore to be considered as consisting of a small number of discrete categories which limits the understanding of actual working conditions and their impact on employees health and welbeing. This presentation will attempt to fill some of these gaps by documenting the latest trends in diary-based daily and weekly work rhythms in the UK, building on initial findings from the 2015 UK Time Diary Survey. 

The substantive hypotheses guiding the analysis is that 1. Employees are increasingly experiencing fragmentation of their work schedules within traditional and non traditional work arrangements as a results of mutations in the UK labour market. 2. This has an impact on the enjoyment and stress experienced at work.

It will focus on two measurements, namely the total time spent doing paid work broken down by activity type (main job, second jobs, breaks, other work-related activities), and the distribution of work and non-work episodes across the day and the week. The patterns of association between these outcomes and wellbeing will then be considered.

Particular attention will be paid to the working patterns of three policy-relevant groups of respondents: parents of young children; elderly respondents, those doing informal work (ie as reported  by those not currently in employment). The substantive implications of these findings for recent debates about trends in work and employment will be highlighted.

Change in spousal influence on fathers' childcare time: Did mothers become more influential?

Author: Soyoung Kim

Korean fathers are known to be far less involved in childcare than fathers in western countries, while their childcare time tends to be irresponsive to mother's characteristics such as maternal employment, educational background or gender role attitude. Nonetheless, there are consistent reports suggesting the spread of "involved fatherhood" among Korean fathers with young children, together with the increasing time fathers spend with children. Against this backdrop, this study raises the following question: What has encouraged fathers to more actively engage in childcare? Previous literature mostly focused on the effect of father's rising educational attainment, but here, I paid attention to the changing influence of mothers. In an effort to examine the driving force behind fathers' growing participation in childcare in Korea, I especially focused on whether mothers have more influence on encouraging paternal involvement compared to a decade ago, using time diary data from 2004 and 2014 Korean Time Use Survey. Based on the speculation that the tenuous association found between mother's characteristics and father's childcare time in prior research might be the result of overlooking different dimensions of caregiving activities, this study divides father's total childcare time into "solo", "physical", and "interactional" care time. Time diaries of married couples with a preschooler as their first child are analyzed, specifically 3,968 diaries of 992 couples in 2004 and 3,432 diaries of 858 couples in 2014. OLS regression will be used to investigate the association between mother's employment, work hours, economic contribution, education, gender role attitudes and father's time spent in different childcare activities. Implications of the findings will be discussed from a broader contextual perspective.

Key words: father's childcare time, spousal influence, solo care time, physical care time, interactional care time

Time Poverty, Leisure Participation, and Socialising Activities: The Importance of Weekend Days

Author: STELLA CHATZITHEOCHARI

Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in the concept of time poverty, with the majority of researchers focusing on issues surrounding conceptualisation and measurement and on the identification of the ‘time-poor’. Few studies have examined the lifestyle and well-being implications of being ‘time poor’. However, empirical investigations on the consequences of time poverty are important to assess its standing among other social inequalities and to examine the predictive validity of the time poverty measures that have been advanced by social scientists. Using data from the 2014 UK Time Use Survey, this article examines the relationship of relative time poverty with outdoor leisure participation and socialising activities among British workers

Capturing time allocation of artisans in Kashmir through the lenses of time use survey

Author: SAJAD SAJAD HUSSAIN RATHER

Capturing time allocation of artisans in Kashmir through the lenses of time use survey

Sajad hussain rather

Email: sajad.ec@gmail.com

Cell: +918791204113

Research scholar department

of economise, A.M.U. Aligarh.

This paper tries to explore the time allocation of working male and female of 300 artisanal families in Kashmir. It is well known that non-marketed economic activities within the household are generally not recorded properly. Due to this the contribution of men, women and children within the households in the economy is generally undervalued. This affects women more as they are mostly involved in such activities. It is also found that involvement of men in household activities is very little as compared to women. They also generally get less leisure time. However, very little data are available in India on these aspects. To understand the time use of male and female in home-based industry like handicraft, which is the largest employer after agriculture in India. This industry provides employment to more than 350000 people in J&K. Data   for the study has been collected by primary survey in the three craft concentrated districts in Kashmir based on time use diaries on daily basis. 24 hours of time has been clubbed into three general categories SNA, N-SNA and E-SNA. It was found that the division of work of a household between paid and unpaid work among the males and females was based on the traditional choices prevailing in the majority of societies. However, the time spent in aggregate on paid and unpaid work was unequal on an average women works more than half an hour a day as compared to her male partner. The results of time spent for female artisans on an average in the respective categories was SNA = 4.9 hours, N-SNA = 11.35 hours, and E-SNA = 7.7 hours, and for male SNA = 10.5 hours, N-SNA = 12 hours and E-SNA = 1.4 hours. This paper presents the comprehensive view about the different activities performed by the artisans on daily basis in the conflict ridden zone in Indian sub-continent. The study will be helpful in improving national income statistics and labour by estimating SNA, non-marketed SNA and other personal activities. Status of women and division of work share in family.    

Key words: artisan, crafts, time, paid and unpaid work.  

Welfare States, Care Economy and Gender in Europe and East Asia

Author: Mi Young An

Since 1990s, facing the internal challenges such as low fertility and aging population, almost all welfare states intervened in the arena of childcare and family albeit varying degree. Comparative studies on the institutional arrangements have highlighted cross national variance not only of degree and dimensions to be effective for gender relations. That said, however, no study has addressed how the changes in institutional arrangements resulted in care responsibility mix between institutions and between institutions and individuals within family. This article links conceptually how institutional arrangements can be linked with care mix at macro institutional and micro individual level. Using national data on time for formal and informal care for selected countries in Europe and East Asia, we aim to provide cross national variance in care time mix (An, 2015) and draw implications for existing understanding on welfare states and gender.

Applying Mixed Effect Location Scale Modeling to Investigate relations between Positive Affect and Obesity in Mothers

Author: Chaelin Karen Ra

Contributing author(s): Jaclyn Maher, Ph.D, Donald Hedeker, Ph.D, Eldin Dzubur, MS, and Genevieve Dunton, Ph.D

There is growing evidence that positive psychological health is associated with lower risk of obesity. Yet, little is known about how fluctuations in emotional states may contribute to obesity risk. This study used a real-time data capture strategy called Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to examine the association of intra-individual variability of mother’s positive affect and their obesity. Mothers’ and Their Children’s Health (MATCH) data were used. A total of 202 mothers participated in 6 semi-annual waves of assessment across 3 years. This study analyzed data from Wave 1. EMA measured positive affect. It was calculated by averaging participants’ responses to EMA items (i.e., happy and joyful), which were included in each prompt (4 times a day) during one study week. Anthropometric measures (i.e., height, weight, waist circumference were) were taken by a trained research assistant at the start of the wave. The level-1 occasions (EMA prompt level) are nested within the level-2 subjects (person level). The final dataset contained EMA data from 170 subjects and 3839 observations with complete data.  This study conducted multi-level analyses using new statistical software called MIXREGLS and MIXREGLS2 to predict  person-level outcome (i.e., BMI and waist circumference) as a function of the mean and variability in a level-1 predictor (i.e., positive affect). Time of day, day of week, age, number of children, ethnicity and household income were included as covariates. The MIXREGLS2 analyses also included interactions of four covariates (age, number of children, ethnicity and household income). The results suggested that mothers whose positive affect is higher than others were less likely to be obese (p=0.02 and p=0.07 for BMI and waist circumference, respectively). In addition, intra-individual variability of positive affect was positively associated with BMI and waist circumference for mothers with more children (p=0.08 and p=0.04 respectively). Thus, acute levels and variability in affect may contribute to obesogenic processes among mothers, especially those dealing with other stressors such as the responsibility of caretaking for multiple children.

Spending time. Parent participation and academic performance.

Author: José María Fernández-Crehuet Santos

This paper studies the impact of different types of parental involvement (time spent) on the students’ performance on both reading and mathematics. We analyze the results of PISA surveys for the 9 countries that implemented the PISA parental questionnaire in 2009 (reading) and 2012 (mathematics). We find that daily parental involvement in academic homework is a good predictor for the students’ underperformance and meetings between parents and teachers are negatively/positively correlated to the students’ performance when the meeting is at the parents’/teachers’ initiative. Parental involvement with children at home is also found as a positive factor but parental involvement in extra-curricular activities at school seems to be insignificant.

Keywords: Parent Participation, Academic Achievement, PISA, Family Involvement, Time

Working at Home and Subjective Well-Being

Author: Younghwan Song

According to the 2003 through 2014 American Time Use Surveys, the percent of workers worked at home among the wage/salary workers worked on the diary day has increased from 15 percent in 2003 to 20 percent in 2014. While some people work at home on a regular daytime schedule, many others work at home in the evening after a day’s work in the workplace. Thus for some workers working at home seems to represent another perk of flexibility in workplace, while for others it seems to simply mean extending work hours into the evening and home. Using data drawn from the 2010, 2012, and 2013 American Time Use Survey Well-Being Modules, this paper examines the effect of working at home, relative to working at one’s workplace or other places, on subjective well-being among wage/salary workers. Various measures of subjective well-being based on time-diary data—meaningfulness, happiness, pain, sadness, tiredness, and stress—as well as a standard life evaluation question using the Cantril ladder are analyzed. The results indicate that the effect of working at home on subjective well-being varies by time and by measure of subjective well-being: working at home in the evening decreases meaningfulness and happiness but increases tiredness, while working at home, in comparison with working in the workplace, over the weekend and holidays decreases pain. There is no substantial difference in subjective well-being between working at home during the day and working in the workplace during the week.

Professor, Department of Economics, Union College, Schenectady, NY 12308, U.S.A.; E-mail: songy@union.edu; Tel: 518-388-8043. Fax: 518-388-6988

Characteristics of Time Uses among Single Households: Focusing on Gender and Class

Author: Gun Park

Despite a wide range of interests – mainly economical – toward the rapid growth of single households, there is almost no research on the time uses of single households. Generally, single households are expected to spend more leisure times and plan and enjoy free times than two or more person households. According a study, singles in the US invest more times to spending social evening with neighbors and friends than people with spouses or intimate friends. In another study, singles relatively have less free time than others since they tend to spend more hours in paid work than others. Nevertheless, it is more important to consider the quality of free time such as the form and content of leisure and with whom one spends free time than the amount of time use itself.

On the other hand, it is shown that single household women spend less time in domestic work than women with children or spouses. However, single household men spend less time in domestic work regardless of having children or spouses. As such, it is important to keep in mind that single household is a type of household. Assuming that all single households are one homogeneous group in the study of rapidly increasing single household would lead to the danger of becoming a piecemeal approach. Accordingly, various aspects of single household must be examined moving beyond the interests of increased free time or plan for free time. The time use of single household must be analyzed from a holistic perspective considering various aspects such as paid work, sleep time, personal maintenance, leisure, etc. and with attention to the changes by gender and class. With such a theoretical background this paper seeks to examine the time uses of single households in South Korea with a focus on gender and class and analyze the concrete forms of life of single household and factors that effect time use in order to predict the future direction of single household lifestyle.  

ICATUS

Author: Harumi Shibata Salazar

ICATUS was published as a “trial” classification in 2005. It was developed as an activity classification for time-use statistics applicable to both developing and developed countries, and built on national and regional classifications existing at the time. The revision of the classification started in 2012 with the organization of an Expert Group Meeting by the United Nations Statistics Division. Since then, new standards, including the framework for work statistics as adopted at the 19th International Conference of Labour Statisticians in 2013, have been incorporated into a revised version of the classification – ICATUS 2016. UNSD has undertaken an electronic consultation since February 2016 to receive comments from national and international experts on the current version of the classification that will be discussed and finalized at a meeting of experts at the end of June. The purpose of this presentation is to present the latest version of the classification (provide an update on the revision, challenges encountered) and to hear from participants ideas and experiences on the use of other time use classifications in national contexts to inform the finalization of the classification as an international standard.

Sleep as Time Use in Joseon Society Seen through Historical Diary Archives

Author: Hyuna Moon

Sleep is one of the issues related with time use and data. However, it is very difficult to to approach using archived documents. In Western society, some researches tried to find the meanings of sleep using the diaries or autobiographies from the past times. On the other hand, despite the burgeoning of history of social life in South Korean society since the beginning of the 21st century that revealed many aspects of everyday lives of traditional people, sleep or time use and the meanings attached to it were not a main focus on these life history researches.

            Accordingly, South Korean society has yet to discover the meanings of sleep from old archives of diaries and annals of the traditional periods. This paper aims to examine the meanings of sleep in traditional Korean society found in the diaries written around the 16th and 17th centuries. Although there are diverse genres within diaries, this paper focuses on diaries categorized as ‘everyday recording diaries’. In addition, there are many male written diaries during these time but only few diaries written by women. This paper seeks to give balanced accounts based on gender about how people in the traditional period considered sleep and the meanings. One possible question would be how both genders similarly or differently considered sleep, for example, as a private matter or not a private matter? In doing so, this paper purports to stimulate the discussion on the meaning of sleep in traditional Korean society.

Changes in Korean Children’s Time Use by Family Structure

Author: Meejung Chin

Contributing author(s): Joosoo Byun

This study investigates how children’s time use pattern has changed over time in Korea using 1999, 2004, 2009, and 2014 National Time Use Survey of Korea. When we follow the changes, we focus on time in school, time in private educational institutes, time in self-guided study, and time in free leisure. The sample consist of 6709, 4456, 6464, and 6190 children aged 10 to 18 (4th-6th grade elementary students, middle school students, and high school students) in each survey year. We also examine how these patterns and changes are related to five types of family structure: three generational, two-parent, single mother, single father, and skipped generational families. The preliminary findings can be summarized as followed. The amount of time spent in school increased between the year 1999 and 2004 and decreased since 2004. The amount of time spent in private education increased up to year 2009 and then decreased in all age groups. The amount of time spent for self-guided study fluctuated making it difficult to find a general trend. The amount of time spent for free leisure dramatically increased between year 2009 and 2014. However it might be related to a change in the coding system of the survey between the two time points. There were significant differences in time use patterns of children by family structure and children of single father families and of skipped generational families spent less time for private education and more time for free leisure. However, the differences have decreased over time. The implications of these findings will be discussed.        

Changes in Korean Children’s Time Use by Family Structure

Author: JOOSOO BYUN

This study investigates how children’s time use pattern has changed over time in Korea using 1999, 2004, 2009, and 2014 National Time Use Survey of Korea. When we follow the changes, we focus on time in school, time in private educational institutes, time in self-guided study, and time in free leisure. The sample consist of 6709, 4456, 6464, and 6190 children aged 10 to 18 (4th-6th grade elementary students, middle school students, and high school students) in each survey year. We also examine how these patterns and changes are related to five types of family structure: three generational, two-parent, single mother, single father, and skipped generational families. The preliminary findings can be summarized as followed. The amount of time spent in school increased between the year 1999 and 2004 and decreased since 2004. The amount of time spent in private education increased up to year 2009 and then decreased in all age groups. The amount of time spent for self-guided study fluctuated making it difficult to find a general trend. The amount of time spent for free leisure dramatically increased between year 2009 and 2014. However it might be related to a change in the coding system of the survey between the two time points. There were significant differences in time use patterns of children by family structure and children of single father families and of skipped generational families spent less time for private education and more time for free leisure. However, the differences have decreased over time. The implications of these findings will be discussed.

Time and Social Capital at Korean Workplace: A Longitudinal Study

Author: Soohan Kim

Time matters for creating, maintaining, and utilizing social capital. This study examines how female managers' use of time affects their social capital and success at workplace. Using a national representative panel data of 3000 female managers in Korea from 2007 to 2012, this study analyzes how time constraint shape women managers social network such as mentor network, informal meeting, union membership, and work-related support relationships. The effect of social capital is contingent on female managers' time use.  Social capital helps to improve women's performance when they spend less time for children and for commuting to workplaces. 

Class, parenting, structured time use and young adult outcome

Author: Jaein Lee

Ample research has examined the transmission of social resources from parents to children because transfers of resources intergenerationally may produce more unequal societies (Erikson & Goldthorpe, 2002; Pope & Mueller, 1976; Simons, Whitbeck, Conger, & Wu, 1991; Swartz, 2009; Van Ijzendoorn, 1992). Parental transfer of economic and time resources to children through young adulthood is commonplace historically, and today more prolonged because of the expansion of higher education and more precarious economic circumstances (Furstenberg Jr, 2010; Swartz, 2009).Intergenerational flows of social resources from parents include  education (Currie & Moretti, 2002), human capital(Parcel & Menaghan, 1990), income (Carlson & Magnuson, 2011; de Graaf & Kalmijn, 2001; Hill & Duncan, 1987) and family stability (Pope & Mueller, 1976).

What is not clear from these studies is whether children’s time in adult-organized or unorganized leisure activities have a direct effect on young adult outcomes, net of parental economic investments, parenting styles, and parent-child relationship quality. organized activities is associated with young adult education and health outcomes and studies have yet to attempt to disentangle independent and joint influences of parenting styles, family resources, and children’s activity time on developmental outcomes (Bianchi & Robinson, 1997; Liana C. Sayer, Suzanne M. Bianchi, & John P. Robinson, 2004; Milkie, Nomaguchi, & Denny, 2015).

I plan to use three waves of the Child Development Supplement (CDS) and all recent waves of Transition to Adulthood supplement (TA) linked with individual and family files from the PSID (Panel Study of Income Dynamics), a a national representative longitudinal study. The CDS-I was collected in 1997 on a sample of 3,563 children aged 12 and under in 2,395 eligible PSID families. This study contributes to this literature by using nationally representative longitudinal panel data to systematically examine how class differences, parenting for young and adolescent children’s organized and unorganized leisure activities are associated with young adult education and health outcomes.

Effects of Time Use by Rural Elderly on Perceived Time Deficit

Author: Hee-Keum Cho

This study examines the differences in general characteristics and time use of rural elderly in relation to household type, and analyzes the effects of time use on perceived time deficit. The analysis was based on the 2014 Korea Time Use Survey, 2,774 diaries answered by elderly aged 65 and over and living in towns (eup) and townships (myeon). Primary activities such as sleeping, paid labor, domestic labor and leisure activities (social activities, mass media, sports, rest) were analyzed. To examine the differences by household type, the methods employed were cross-tabulation, one-way ANOVA and Duncan’s post-hoc test. Multiple regression was performed on the effects of time use on perceived time deficit.

The analysis revealed that 30.2% of rural elderly households lived alone, 46.6% lived with their spouses, and 23.2% lived with their children. Single-person households elderly were not as dependent on farming for income. They were more likely to be female, less educated and older compared to other household types. In terms of time use, elderly living alone slept less than those living with their spouses or children, spent the least time on paid labor, and spent the most time on domestic labor. In terms of leisure activities, they spent the most time on social activities and rest, and the least on mass media use and sports. The perceived time deficit of rural elderly was 1.92 on a 4-point Likert scale (1 = always leisurely, 4 = always deficiency). The coefficient of determination or R2 was 0.298, indicating that the perceived time deficit was higher for elderly who were younger(β=-.150), dependent on farming(β=-.148), earned more(β=.066), did not live alone(dummy, β=-.071), spent more time on paid labor(β=.254) and domestic labor(β=.058), and spent less time on mass media use(β=-,153) and sports(β=-.073).

The results show that rural elderly cannot simply be grouped into a single category. Depending on household type, they exhibit differences in general characteristics and time use. As such, household type must be taken into account when providing support or services for rural elderly.

key words: time use, perceived time deficit, rural elderly

: 상용근로자의 가정관리시간 영향요인에 대한 가구소득의 매개효과 분석- 초등학생이하 자녀가 있는 맞벌이 부부를 중심으로-

Author: Youngran Kim

영유아 및 초등학생 자녀가 있는 상용근로자 맞벌이 부부의 가정관리 참여 시간에 영향을 주는 요인과 매개효과에 대하여 경로모형을 통해 파악하고자 함. 가정관리 시간에 영향을 주는 요인으로 연령, 학력, 근로시간을 설정하고, 가구소득의 매개효과를 검증하고자 하며, 특히 성별 차이에 대해 주목하고자 함. 

A Study on Factors Affecting the Division of Household Labor by Dual-Earner Married Women in Korea

Author: Ju Hyun Kim

Contributing author(s): Ju Hyun, Kim

As Korea has quickly entered the aging society with low fertility, it is expected that workers in South Korea are getting short. But only about 50 percent of Korean women available as abundant human resources are participating in economic activities. The reason is that many working women may experience career interruption because they should quit their jobs upon marriage and pregnancy, childbirth and parenting time. They can try to work again just after their children are somewhat grown.

Women's career interruption is because of gender division of labor that is what women should be responsible for household labor and child-care while husbands are responsible for the livelihood support. Therefore, as men also need to share the household labor, this study aims at reviewing which factors are affecting the division of household labor by dual-earner married women.

For factors affecting the ratio of divided household labor by dual-earner married couples, the previous studies have suggested level of gender equality of a society as macroscopical one and relative resources, time constraints, and gender consciousness between spouses as microscopical ones. However, in Korea, wives' factors of relative resources and time constraints affect their household labor time while those do not have significant effects on husbands' time.

Those studies have looked at the three elements of relative resources, time constraints, and gender consciousness as independent factors. But this study analyze how the ratio of divided household labor by dual-earner married women vary in combination with three factors. This paper analyzes time data of one day during weekdays of dual-earner married women using Time Use Survey Data of Statistics Korea in 2014.

For the analysis, it is to combine wives’ income(relative resources), paid work time(time constraints), and gender consciousness by level, to classify the types of wives and then to analyze how the ratio of divided domestic labor by dual-earner married couples varies according to types of wives. And Control variables include age, education level, occupation (women’s own characteristics/husbands’ ones) and children age, number of children, etc.  

Evening Time of Korean High School Students: A comparison of 2009 and 2014 time use

Author: Hanjin Bae

Contributing author(s): Meejung Chin

The evening time of high school students is constrained by school related educational policy such as compulsory after-school study policy. Since Students' Human Rights ordinance passed in Gyeong-gi province in 2010, many local education districts abolished compulsory after-school study. Using 2009 and 2014 Time Use Survey data of Korea, this study examined how high school students spent their evening time and whether there was any difference between the two points. In examining their time use, we considered the household income level of the students. The sample was restricted to ages 15 to 18 attending to high school. The sample was 956 in 2009 and 798 in 2014.

This study found that the average amount of studying time decreased but the average amount of leisure time increased between 2009 and 2014. After-school Self-Study time decreased as well. However, the amount of time spent for private education did not change significantly. The amount of time spent for playing game increased the most among various types of leisure activities.

We also found that study and leisure time differed by household income. The amount of time for private education was greater in high-income families than low-income families. It is only playing game time that differed by family income. And its patterns were different in 2009 and 2014. Students of low-income household spent more time playing games than those of high-income household in 2009, but it was reversed in 2014.

 These findings imply that the education policy of decontrolling after-school self-study may influence the amount of study time among high school students. Although this trend contributes to high school students’ welfare by reducing the burden of study in general, it may make a different impact on students depending on the economic status of their family. The students of high income families spent more time on private education than those of low income families and this pattern did not change over time.  We need to examine more closely how education policy affects students of various background in different ways. 

Child Care Time in Dual-Earner Families

Author: SoonBum Kwon

Contributing author(s): Meejung Chin (Seoul National University, Republic of Korea)

The purpose of this study is to examine the amount of time spent for child care of dual-earner families with young child. In examining child care time, we investigated secondary activities as well as primary activities. Previous studies often underestimate care burden of dual-earner families by focusing only on primary activities and ruling out secondary activities. In this paper, we examined the amount of time spent for child care more accurately by including secondary activities. The data were drawn from 2014 National Time Use Survey provided by Statistics Korea. The time dairy data of 419 pairs were used for analysis. A child care activity was measured in three types: a primary activity without concurrent activities, a primary activity with concurrent activities, and a secondary activity with concurrent activities. We differentiated weekday and weekend time use to consider the impact of hours of labours on child care time. We found that men spent 40 minutes on child care as a primary activity without concurrent activities and that men used 100 minutes less than women during weekdays. Similarly, men spent less time on child care as a primary activity with concurrent activities and secondary activities with concurrent activities on weekdays. The difference in the amount of time for primary activity without concurrent activities was statistically significant between men and women, whereas there was no significant difference in the other two types of the amount of time by gender on weekends. These results indicate that the amount of time spent for child care is greater when we consider secondary activities. And child care burden is greater for women than for men, even when considering secondary activities.

keywords: concurrent activity, time spent for child care, dual-earner families

A Review of Time Use Modeling

Author: Jorge Rosales-Salas

Contributing author(s): Jara-Diaz, S.

A review of the main time allocation models consisting in an organized and complete way of classifying time use literature is presented and analyzed. A description of the possible perspectives from which time allocation literature can be viewed is complemented by a brief account of its origins and evolution through different approaches, focusing later on the modeling part of time use research and past literature reviews conducted. This paper examines the evolution of time use modeling through the eyes of the particular activity being studied and presents a description of models focused on studying time as an overall phenomenon, their evolution and limitations. 

Stratification effects of parenting time types: evidences from 2014 Korean Time Use Survey

Author: Eun Ju Ko

Contributing author(s): Ko, Eun ju (Sogang University)

The research is concerned with the stratification effects in parenting time for preschoolers. Previous studies have reported that the education level of parents is an important factor in increasing parenting time, especially interactive cares such as reading books, playing, and teaching, which improve children's cognitive abilities. However, many parents have limited time for their children and the pattern of care changes according to their developmental stages.

Utilizing 2014 KTUS data, we categorize four types of parenting time including the total care time and the interactive care time ratio and compare influencing factors relatively. We have found out that not only parents' educational level but also family income affect the parenting type. Furthermore, there are differences in terms of the age group of children (zero to two vs. three to five). In cases of children aged from 0 to 2, the parents who have lower income tend to invest lower total care time, and well educated mother have less rates for child's cognitive development. For children aged from 3 to 5, however, parents have lower income have lower rates of interactive time and well educated mothers have less likely to invest short time to child care.

Gender role attitudes, activity patterns and satisfaction with the amount of household labor in family care: What can time-use data tell about female family caregivers aged 55 and older in Korean soci

Author: wonjee cho

Despite the changing role women in Korean, they have long borne greater household and child care responsibility. Providing care to adult family members is also considered an extension of women’s social roles. Regardless of a growing number of women who are less traditional in their attitudes toward gender roles, socially-dominant gender norms still facilitate the gender-typed activities in the family, which particularly likely leads to strains and conflict which women experience in carrying out both household labor and family caregiving from gender role ideology. However, little is known about the relationship between caregiving women’s gender role attitudes and satisfaction with the amount of household labor in patterns of time use. This study is to describe the time-use patterns of women aged 55 years and older during the day taking care of adult family members, using data of the 2014 Korean Time Use Survey. Additionally, it is to explore whether there is the difference in dissatisfaction with the division of household labor depending on the degree to which they agree or disagree about their personal gender-role attitudes. This study presents that the majority of daily activities performed by caregiving women (N=992) were personal care and self-maintenance, household behaviors, family care, socializing, media use, sports and reports, resting and travel. However, there was no significant difference in spending time on these behaviors except sports/reports and travel between caregiving women with traditional attitudes (N=388) and less transitional attitudes (N=604) toward gender roles. For a day, women with traditional attitudes and less traditional attitudes performed caregiving tasks for 91.91 and 81.99 minutes, respectively (t=-1.059, df=990). The amount of household labors is 243.91 and 243.56 minutes for those with traditional and less traditional attitudes, respectively (t=-0.047, df=982). Despite the similar patterns of the time two groups spent in daily activities, women with less traditional gender-role attitudes were significantly dissatisfied with the amount of household tasks than those with traditional attitudes (M=3.19(SD=1.015), 2.84(0.937), respectively; t=-5.563***, df=872.525). While carrying out all daily activities and duties, women with less traditional attitudes reported significantly higher life satisfaction than those with traditional attitudes (M=3.11(SD=0.958), 2.84(-0.912), respectively; t=-4.48***, df=990). For caregiving women, gender role attitudes are a key determinant of psychological well-being in performing activities of daily living. 

Factors affecting time pressure of married couples in multi-household families

Author: SHIN Young Mi

Contributing author(s): Meejung Chin

  The purpose of this study is to explore the factors related to the perceived time pressure of married couples in multi-household families in Korea. This study especially examines gender differences in leisure time and housework time which are related to perceived time pressure.

   Multi-household families refer to a type of family of which members live in separate households. Due to job-related or education-related reasons, multi-household families are growing in numbers. However, it has been rarely investigated time issues in multi-household families.

   We drew data from the Korea Time Use Survey 2014. The sample included 2,344 persons including 892 men and 1,452 women who are now in multi-household families. This study uses t-test to analyze the gender difference of leisure time, housework time, as well as the perceived time pressure of the couples. The OLS regression will be employed to examine whether the amounts of leisure time and housework time affect perceived time pressure, and whether gender difference are related to different perceived time pressure which are affected by leisure time and housework time.

Factors affecting time pressure of married couples in multi-household families

Author: Noh Shinae

Contributing author(s): Meejung Chin

The purpose of this study is to explore the factors related to the perceived time pressure of married couples in multi-household families in Korea. This study especially examines gender differences in leisure time and housework time which are related to perceived time pressure.

Multi-household families refer to a type of family of which members live in separate households. Due to job-related or education-related reasons, multi-household families are growing in numbers. However, it has been rarely investigated time issues in multi-household families.

We drew data from the Korea Time Use Survey 2014. The sample included 2,344 persons including 892 men and 1,452 women who are now in multi-household families. This study uses t-test to analyze the gender difference of leisure time, housework time, as well as the perceived time pressure of the couples. The OLS regression will be employed to examine whether the amounts of leisure time and housework time affect perceived time pressure, and whether gender difference are related to different perceived time pressure which are affected by leisure time and housework time.

A Study of the Determinants of Work Time Zone and Fatigue with Time Use Survey

Author: Nanjue Kim

There have been very few studies on workers’ time distribution and working time zones even though those two factors have an impact on quality of life of workers.

This study classifies work time zones as daytime, nighttime, and midnight based on the quinquennial Time Use surveys of National Statistical Office as below.

•Daytime: working hours from 8 AM to 4 PM accounted for over 50% of total working hours

•Nighttime: working hours from 4 PM to midnight accounted for over 50% of total working hours

•Midnight: working hours from midnight to 8AM the next day accounted for over 50% of total working hours

This study analyzes how the lifestyles of workers can be different according to the work time zone. Also, this study finds out the determinant of worker fatigue and draws the implications of the lifestyles of workers.

Factors Affecting Perceived Time Pressure of Married Employed Women

Author: Hyojong So

Contributing author(s): SangHa Kim, Jingya Ding, Meejung Chin

This study aims to examine how allocation of time paid work, housework and leisure affects time pressure and how perceived time pressure differs by employment status among married women in South Korea. Previous researches examined work-family conflict, time strain in married employed women (Son, 2004; Choi, 2007), associations among paid work hours, leisure time, and time pressure (Cha, 2011), and gender differences in perceived time shortage and its related factors (Cha, 2010). However, it is less known about differences among employed women by their employment status: full-time workers, self-employed and non-wage family workers. Because work conditions differ by employment status, it is likely that self-employed and non-wage family workers may have different time pressure from full-time workers.

The data is drawn from 2014 time use survey by Statistics Korea. The ratio of housework hours to paid work hours, the ratio of leisure time to paid work hours, the ratio of housework hours to leisure time are used as independent variables in the analysis. Dependent variable is perceived time pressure. The results helps to further understand the characteristic of time usage of married woman by their employment status and the difference in perceived time pressure by their proportional time spent

Factors Affecting Perceived Time Pressure of Married Employed Women

Author: SangHa Kim

Contributing author(s): SangHa Kim, Jingya Ding, Meejung Chin

Factors Affecting Perceived Time Pressure of Married Employed Women

Hyojong So, SangHa Kim, Jingya Ding, Meejung Chin

Department of Child Development and Family Studies, Seoul National University

This study aims to examine how allocation of time paid work, housework and leisure affects time pressure and how perceived time pressure differs by employment status among married women in South Korea. Previous researches examined work-family conflict, time strain in married employed women (Son, 2004; Choi, 2007), associations among paid work hours, leisure time, and time pressure (Cha, 2011), and gender differences in perceived time shortage and its related factors (Cha, 2010). However, it is less known about differences among employed women by their employment status: full-time workers, self-employed and non-wage family workers. Because work conditions differ by employment status, it is likely that self-employed and non-wage family workers may have different time pressure from full-time workers. 

The data is drawn from 2014 time use survey by Statistics Korea. The ratio of housework hours to paid work hours, the ratio of leisure time to paid work hours, the ratio of housework hours to leisure time are used as independent variables in the analysis. Dependent variable is perceived time pressure. The results helps to further understand the characteristic of time usage of married woman by their employment status and the difference in perceived time pressure by their proportional time spent. 

Factors Affecting Perceived Time Pressure of Married Employed Women

Author: Jingya Ding

Contributing author(s): SangHa Kim, Jingya Ding, Meejung Chin

This study aims to examine how allocation of time paid work, housework and leisure affects time pressure and how perceived time pressure differs by employment status among married women in South Korea. Previous researches examined work-family conflict, time strain in married employed women (Son, 2004; Choi, 2007), associations among paid work hours, leisure time, and time pressure (Cha, 2011), and gender differences in perceived time shortage and its related factors (Cha, 2010). However, it is less known about differences among employed women by their employment status: full-time workers, self-employed and non-wage family workers. Because work conditions differ by employment status, it is likely that self-employed and non-wage family workers may have different time pressure from full-time workers.

The data is drawn from 2014 time use survey by Statistics Korea. The ratio of housework hours to paid work hours, the ratio of leisure time to paid work hours, the ratio of housework hours to leisure time are used as independent variables in the analysis. Dependent variable is perceived time pressure. The results helps to further understand the characteristic of time usage of married woman by their employment status and the difference in perceived time pressure by their proportional time spent.

Accounting for unpaid work carried out on the internet

Author: Christopher Payne

The value of unpaid work is omitted from Gross Domestic Product and as a result fails to feature in official measurements of economic welfare. Recent reports such as the Stiglitz et al. (2009) Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress have recognised this and the importance of measuring the value of unpaid work but what is to count as unpaid work?

The third party criterion (Reid, 1934) suggests any activity that could be contracted out to a market service provider should be valued as unpaid work but now as the internet makes it possible for users to do so much more themselves without paying for it, there are many activities which could be classed as valuable unpaid work.

This poster promotes the idea that the future of Time Use diary data collection will need to address a modern day concept of unpaid work which includes a range of internet services, an idea put forward in the recent UK Independent Review of Economic Statistics (Bean, 2016). Examples of such internet based unpaid work could be booking your own holidays rather than a travel agent or using online banking services rather than a high street branch. With the advent of and adoption of 3d printing technology what will be the impact on market services and can time use data help to measure the extent of any substitution of paid work with unpaid work?

As one of the primary uses of time use data is to value unpaid work (United Nations, 2013) it is clear that Time Use data will have to evolve to keep pace with these issues in order to continue to be relevant for economic policy makers in the future.

National Survey on Time Use – TIME TO HAVE TIME

Author: t Sares

Contributing author(s): Heloísa Perista, Ana Cardoso (reserach) - CESIS - Portugal

Present main results of a nationwide representative survey on how Portuguese men and women use their time.

Different uses of time are affected by time spent on paid work; sharing of housework and care work; being a parent and the territory where people live.

Sociological analysis of data allowed to understand when, where, how and with whom men and women use their time, confirming trends from international studies.

Multinational Time Use Survey (MTUS) MET Score Linkage Pilot Project

Author: Teresa Attracta Harms

Purpose

The Multinational Time Use Survey (MTUS) MET Score Linkage Pilot Project is a collaborative research project with CTUR and the US National Cancer Institute (NCI). Time use data allow accurate and precise measurement of the time people spend in a range of daily activities, including sleep, paid work, leisure and physical activity. However, a challenge for integrating time use studies and analyses of energy expenditures is that time use survey data involve dozens or hundreds of different activity categories, each with a unique set of movement and energy expenditure characteristics.

Methods

The authors used the Ainsworth (2011) Compendium and other sources to assign metabolic expenditures to the (69 category) Harmonised Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) activity codes. They used large national time diary studies from the US, UK and Poland to compare the whole day METS (wdMETS) estimated on this basis, with similar wdMETS estimated on the basis of the 250-category Harmonised European Time Use Survey (HETUS) activity categories and the 400-category American Time Use Survey (ATUS).

Results

Two distinct types of result emerged. First, the sample (and hence population) variability of the wdMETS based on the much less detailed 69-category MTUS categorization is strikingly similar (of the order of 1% smaller) than that derived from the much more detailed ATUS and HETUS classifications, when these are calculated for the same surveys. Second, clear patterns of association emerge between wdMETS calculated on both bases, and subjective health status measures for sample members, which are mediated significantly by age, gender and social stratification indicators.  

Conclusions

The results provide strong support for the use of the MTUS’ large database of diary studies (approaching 1 million days, 25 countries over 50 years) as a resource for understanding the behavioural correlates of population health. However, a strikingly small proportion of the overall METS over the 24 hour period derive from intentional exercise activities undertaken by the diary respondents, with much larger proportions deriving from diarists’ paid and unpaid work. The authors, however, are concerned about the rather poorly understood metabolic requirements of the paid and unpaid work component of this calculation.

Learning Time: Exploring Undergraduate Student Time Use

Author: Yuan-Ling Chiao

During young people’s move from high school to university life, they are faced with several types of lifestyle and academic challenges. One significant challenge is learning how to manage their time, as they transition from highly structured learning environments in high school, to more flexible and autonomous ones at university. This is especially true in Taiwan, where it is the cultural and social norm for students to live tightly scheduled and regimented lives, where their time use is largely regulated and controlled by their parents and teachers. Consequently, students are not given the opportunity to manage their own time until they reach university. The autonomous management of their own time can be considered to be a critical learning process, and can have profound effects on student achievement and success. This qualitative, explorative study will focus on the initial phases of this learning process; and will closely examine how a small group of Taiwanese undergraduate students view, assess and organize their time during their first year at university. 

Keywords: young adults, time, time management, time usage, life phase transition, autonomy, undergraduates

Learning Time: Exploring Undergraduate Student Time Use

Author: Yuan-Ling Chiao

During young people’s move from high school to university life, they are faced with several types of lifestyle and academic challenges. One significant challenge is learning how to manage their time, as they transition from highly structured learning environments in high school, to more flexible and autonomous ones at university. This is especially true in Taiwan, where it is the cultural and social norm for students to live tightly scheduled and regimented lives, where their time use is largely regulated and controlled by their parents and teachers. Consequently, students are not given the opportunity to manage their own time until they reach university. The autonomous management of their own time can be considered to be a critical learning process, and can have profound effects on student achievement and success. This qualitative, explorative study will focus on the initial phases of this learning process; and will closely examine how a small group of Taiwanese undergraduate students view, assess and organize their time during their first year at university. 

Keywords: young adults, time, time management, time usage, life phase transition, autonomy, undergraduates

Learning Time: Exploring Undergraduate Student Time Use

Author: Yuan-Ling Chiao

During young people’s move from high school to university life, they are faced with several types of lifestyle and academic challenges. One significant challenge is learning how to manage their time, as they transition from highly structured learning environments in high school, to more flexible and autonomous ones at university. This is especially true in Taiwan, where it is the cultural and social norm for students to live tightly scheduled and regimented lives, where their time use is largely regulated and controlled by their parents and teachers. Consequently, students are not given the opportunity to manage their own time until they reach university. The autonomous management of their own time can be considered to be a critical learning process, and can have profound effects on student achievement and success. This qualitative, explorative study will focus on the initial phases of this learning process; and will closely examine how a small group of Taiwanese undergraduate students view, assess and organize their time during their first year at university. 

Keywords: young adults, time, time management, time usage, life phase transition, autonomy, undergraduates

Learning Time: Exploring Undergraduate Student Time Use

Author: Yuan-Ling Chiao

During young people’s move from high school to university life, they are faced with several types of lifestyle and academic challenges. One significant challenge is learning how to manage their time, as they transition from highly structured learning environments in high school, to more flexible and autonomous ones at university. This is especially true in Taiwan, where it is the cultural and social norm for students to live tightly scheduled and regimented lives, where their time use is largely regulated and controlled by their parents and teachers. Consequently, students are not given the opportunity to manage their own time until they reach university. The autonomous management of their own time can be considered to be a critical learning process, and can have profound effects on student achievement and success. This qualitative, explorative study will focus on the initial phases of this learning process; and will closely examine how a small group of Taiwanese undergraduate students view, assess and organize their time during their first year at university. 

Keywords: young adults, time, time management, time usage, life phase transition, autonomy, undergraduates